Cold War Era & Emergence of A New Europe

1. Cold War Era & Emergence of A New Europe APEURO Chapter 19 – Three Worlds Era

2. Immediate Postwar Issues • European life shattered • Industry, transportation, farms damaged • Displaced persons • Nuremberg Trials: (1945-46) Trial of Nazi war criminals. Sentenced 12 to death

3. “Three Worlds” Era • Countries divided into 3 categories: • 1. Friends of the U.S. – The 1st World (blue) • 2. Friends of the Soviet Union – The 2ND World (red) • 3. Those whose support both superpowers sought - The 3rd World (Green)

4. Era of Decolonization • Former European colonies became independent countries • The formation of new countries in Africa, South East Asia, and South Asia

5. What Is The Cold War? • Intense rivalry between the U.S. & Soviet Union

6. Origins of The Cold War: • 1. Ideological Differences: Communism vs. Capitalism • (economic, political, philosophical disputes) • 2. Competition for global power & Influence • 3. Mutual Distrust • 4. Atomic Weapons – “Arms Race”

7. After WWII… • Stalin established “Soviet Satellite Nations” - 1945-1948 • In Eastern Europe • East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia • Violation of war conference agreements

8. Post WWII: Divided into 4 sectors West Berlin: U.S., France, Great Britain East Berlin : Soviet Union Berlin, Germany

9. Germany Divided : East & West • Soviet Union turned EAST Germany into A Communist State • Tried to expel U.S., France, Great Britain from WEST

10. Winston Churchill • “An iron curtain has descended across Europe” – 1946 • “Iron Curtain” = Soviet Communism • Cause for international alarm

11. Policy of Containment • President Truman interested in “Containing Communism “ from spreading • Truman Doctrine, 1947 : U.S. has a duty to give financial assistance to free nations under (Communist ) threat. • U.S. Assisted Greece & Turkey

12. The Marshall Plan, 1948 • “Recovery Act” • Truman administration provided funding • To re-build war torn countries • $12 billion to Western Europe • Soviet Union refused aid

13. The Marshall Plan • Economic miracle for Western Europe • George C. Marshall, U.S. Secretary of State receives Noble Peace Prize 1953

14. Berlin Blockade: June, 1948 • Stalin cut off Berlin from Western contact • All routes blocked by Soviet troops • Shipments of food, fuel, supplies cut off

15. Berlin Airlift • British & American response: • U.S. & British planes “dropped” 2 million tons of food & supplies • For 10 months

16. “Candy Bombers” • American Pilot Gail Halverson • Collected candy rations from servicemen • And “dropped” candy to Berlin’s children

17. The Candy Bomber, 2014 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmanS-4nc4Y • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-NBMSyEjEA

18. Stalin Lifted Blockade, 1949 • two countries created: • “West Germany” (democratic) • “East Germany” (communist) • were officially founded - 1949

19. The “Western Alliance” • NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • Western Europe, U.S., Iceland, Canada • AKA “Atlantic Pact” • Promise to defend each other • General Dwight D. Eisenhower - Supreme Commander of NATO forces 1951

20. Stalin Responded With the • Warsaw Pact – 1955 • Communist Eastern European military alliance • Once a member, nation can NEVER leave!

21. Economic “Alliances” • 1. European Cold & Steel Community (1950): free movement of coal & steel • 2. European Economic Community (1957): common market. Precursor of European Union. • Italy, W. Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Luxembourg (Great Britain joins 1969)

22. The Space Race • Soviet Space Program was a threat to the U.S. • Sputnik – Soviet satellite was launched in 1957 • 1st man in orbit 1961 • First American Man on the Moon 1969

23. Who Won the Space Race? TED-Ed, 2013 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxpC-8f--xo

24. China’s Communist Revolution,1949 • Chairman Mao • Made a Pact with Joseph Stalin • The “ Communist Bloc”

25. Korea • 1945 Allies divided Korea into 2 • Border between North & South 38th Parallel • Soviets occupied North, Americans South

26. Korean War, 1950-1953 • North Korean army invaded South Korea, 1950 • President Truman Sent Troops to South Korea. • China & Soviet Union sent troops to North Korea • War Ended in stalemate (signed a Peace Treaty in 1953)

27. Geneva Convention, 1954 • France lost control of Indochina (Vietnam) • Territory broken up into: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos • Vietnam divided along 17th parallel: • North Communist, South anti-communist • SEATO – South East Asian Treaty Organization. U.S. pledge to “assist” South

28. Vietnam War & Cold War Politics • Ho Chi Minh led Rebellion against the French 1954 • Installed Communist regime in the North • U.S. send troops/funds to the South • By 1966 365,000 U.S. troops were engaged in the Vietnam War • U.S withdrew troops in 1973

29. Tensions in Berlin, Germany 1958 • Nikita Krushchev (Stalin’s successor) • Demanded removal of westerners from Berlin • Eisenhower ‘s response : “wait! Lets talk!”

30. Two Weeks Prior to Meeting • between Eisenhower & Krushchev… • Soviets shot down a U.S. “U-2” Spy plane

31. John F. Kennedy, Elected 1960

32. Cuba, 1959 • Fidel Castro • Established Communist dictatorship • Alliance with Soviet Union

33. Bay of Pigs, 1961 • Plan to “overthrow” Castro • U.S. troops landed & were quickly surrounded by Cuban forces • Failed invasion

34. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • U.S. spy planes discovered • Soviet Nuclear missile sites in Cuba • Kennedy ordered immediate removal

35. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • Krushchev agreed to remove missiles from Cuba as long as U.S. agreed never to invade Cuba • “RED LINE” installed in D.C. & Moscow • Allowed for Direct communication

36. Kennedy & Krushchev, 1961 • Kennedy refused to remove U.S. troops from Berlin

37. Krushchev’s Response • Built the Berlin Wall 1961 • East Berliners/ Germans trapped

38. Berlin Divided ! • Border closed • 302 Watchtowers w/ armed guards • 192 died trying to cross “the wall” 1961-1989 • Many injured

39. The Berlin Wall- Modern Marvels

40. Symbolism: • What did the Berlin Wall represent to the people of Eastern Germany? Western Germany?

41. June 26th, 1963 “Ich bin ein Berliner” • “Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us”. - President Kennedy

42. The Collapse The Soviet Union & the End of the Cold War Chapter 20: The New Europe: 1989-Present pages 518-522

43. Mikhail Gorbachev- 1985 • Saw communism as failing cited poor living conditions as example • Goals: • 1. Better Relations with the West • 2. Perestroika-“restructuring” the Soviet economy • 3. Glasnost- “openness” encouraged Soviets to openly discuss social reform

44. Gorbachev Overturned the Brezhnev Doctrine • Allowed for Eastern European satellites to overthrow communist governments: • 1. Poland 1989 • Solidarity labor movement • Pope John Paul II supported movement • 2. Czechoslovakia 1989 • 3. Hungary 1990 • 4. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania declared independence 1990

45. Yugoslavian Civil War • CountryCreated after WWI • Cultural Divisions: • 1. Croats/ Slovenes – Catholic /Latin Alphabet • 2. Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians – Eastern orthodox/Cyrillic alphabet • 3. Bosnians, Albanians - Muslim

46. Ethnic Tensions • Resulted in civil war • Croats & Serbs 1991-2000 • Bombardment of Sarajevo • NATO intervened 1999

47. Fall of Berlin Wall, 1989 • Demonstrations in East Germany • East German govt. asked Soviet Union for “backup”. • Gorbachev did not send back up

48. Fall of Berlin Wall • November 9th , 1989 • East German Govt. ordered the opening of Berlin Wall • Celebrations ensued • German unification (Again) 1990 • The end of the Cold War

49. Random Berlin Wall Pieces in U.S.

50. 1991 Military Coup Against Gorbachev in Soviet Union • Conservatives tried to overthrow Gorbachev • Coup Failed • People rebelled led by Boris Yeltsin • The country split up – 11 republics declared independence December, 1991 • Gorbachev announced his resignation