THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

1. THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR America: Past and Present Chapter 28

2. The Cold War Begins:Issues Dividing U.S., U.S.S.R. • Control of postwar Europe • Economic aid • Nuclear disarmament

3. The Division of Europe • 1945--Russians occupy eastern Europe, American troops occupy western Europe • Soviet Union seeks eastern European buffer • U.S. demands national self-determination through free elections throughout Europe • Stalin converts eastern Europe into a system of satellite nations

4. Europe after World War II

5. Withholding Economic Aid • Russia devastated by World War II • Some Americans seek to influence Russia with Lend-Lease economic aid • 1945--United States halts Lend-Lease without Russian settlement • Leverage lost in shaping Soviet policy

6. The Atomic Dilemma • 1943--nuclear race between U.S., U.S.S.R. • 1946--Baruch Plan • rapid reduction of U.S. military force • gradual reduction favors U.S. atomic monopoly • Soviet Union • larger conventional army than U.S. • immediate abolition of atomic weapons

7. Containment • 1947--George C. Marshall appointed Secretary of State • Dean Acheson seeks for U.S. England's former role as arbiter of world affairs • George Kennan calls for “containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies”

8. The Truman Doctrine • 1947--Truman seeks funds to keep Greece, Turkey in western sphere of influence • Truman Doctrine: “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure” • Doctrine an informal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union

9. The Marshall Plan • 1947--George Marshall proposes aid for rebuilding European industries • Russia refuses aid • 1948--Marshall Plan adopted by Congress • Plan fosters western European prosperity

10. Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 1948-1952

11. The Western Military Alliance • 1949--North Atlantic Treaty Organization • military alliance includes U.S., Canada, most of western Europe • U.S. troops stationed in Europe • NATO intensifies Russia's fear of the West

12. The Berlin Blockade • June, 1948--Russians blockade Berlin • Truman orders airlift to supply the city • 1949--Russians end blockade • U.S. political victory dramatizes division

13. The Cold War Expands • 1947--U.S.-Russian arms race accelerates • Conflict expands to Asia

14. The Military Dimension • 1947--National Security Act • Department of Defense unifies armed forces • Central Intelligence Agency coordinates intelligence-gathering • National Security Council advises president • Defense budget devoted to air power • 1949--first Russian atomic bomb explodes, U.S. begins hydrogen bomb development

15. The Cold War in Asia • 1945--U.S. consolidates hold on Japan, former Japanese possessions in Pacific • 1949--victory of Mao Tse-tung brings China into Soviet orbit • Truman refuses recognition of Communist China, begins building up Japan

16. The Korean War • June25, 1950--Communist North Korean forces invade U.S.-influenced South Korea • Truman makes South Korea’s defense a U.N. effort, sends in U.S. troops • U.S. routs Korean forces in South • Attempt to unify Korea draws in China • U.S. pushed back to South, war a stalemate • Result--massive American rearmament

17. The Korean War, 1950-1953

18. The Cold War at Home • New Deal economic policies undermined • Fears of Communist subversion • Republicans use anticommunism to revive their party

19. Truman's Troubles • Obstacles to Truman’s Fair Deal reforms • apathetic public • inflation • labor unrest • 1946--Republicans win Congress

20. Truman Vindicated • 1948--Thomas Dewey versus Truman • Truman thought unelectable • Southern Democrats, Northern liberals desert • Roosevelt coalition reelects Truman on domestic issues • Republicans respond by challenging Truman’s handling of the Cold War

22. The Loyalty Issue • Fear of Communist subversion • Truman administration conducts campaign against “subversives” • Democrats blamed for • "losing" China to Communism • Russia's development of a hydrogen bomb

23. McCarthyism in Action • 1950--Senator Joseph McCarthy launches anticommunist campaign • Innocent overwhelmed by accusations • Attacks on privileged bureaucrats • supported by Midwest Republicans • attract Irish, Italian, Polish workers to Republicans

24. The Republicans in Power • 1952--Eisenhower captures White House for Republican Party • July 27, 1953--stalemate accepted in Korea • Eisenhower deals passively with McCarthy • 1954--attack on Army discredits McCarthy who is then censured

26. Eisenhower Wages the Cold War • Eisenhower relaxes tensions with Russia • Eisenhower’s fears • debt imposed by defense spending • possibility of atomic warfare

27. Entanglement in Indochina • Eisenhower refuses military aid for French retention of colonial Indochina • Victory of Communist Ho Chi Minh prompts intervention to prevent election • Vietnam divided • South Vietnam under U.S. puppet regime

28. Containing China • Tough line against China • Drive wedge between China, Russia • Strategy ultimately works • Effects not immediately apparent

29. Turmoil in the Middle East • 1956--Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal • France, England invade Egypt • Eisenhower wins Middle East trust by pressuring English, French withdrawal • 1958--Lebanon invites U.S. troops to maintain order

30. Covert Actions • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used to achieve covert objectives • Iran--CIA restores the shah to power • Guatemala--CIA ousts leftist government • Eastern Europe--refused to help East Germans or Hungarians

31. Waging Peace • October, 1957--Russians launch Sputnik • October--U.S., U.S.S.R. agree to suspend nuclear testing in the atmosphere • November--Berlin blockade threatened • May, 1960--U-2 incident

32. The Continuing Cold War • January, 1961--Eisenhower warns against growing military-industrial complex • Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace and tranquility