PAGES 333-336 10 TH -14 TH CENTURIES

1. PAGES 333-33610TH-14TH CENTURIES

2. The Early Southern Temple Mamallapuram: major temple site under Pallavas Pallava stone cavers carved reliefs, halls, temples out of granite boulders and cliffs Ex: Five Rathas – rockcut temple, carved in style of contemporary wood or brick structures

3. DHARMARAJA RATHA, MAMALLAPURAMTAMIL, NADU, INDIA. PALLAVA PERIOD.c. MID-7TH CENTURY CE.

4. Dharmaraja Ratha at Mamallapuram Epitomizes early Southern-style temples Symbolism to link the heavens and the earth Based on a mandala Square temple plan is unfinished Garbhagriha found inside

5. Lower Portion Columns and niches Single deity in each niche: main trend in temple structure Tradition of narrative reliefs declined Stories concentrated in statues of individual deities Mythological episodes

6. Southern and Northern Temples Distinguished by their superstructures Dharmaraja Ratha culminates in pyramidal tower called vimana Each story of vimana is articulated by a cornice with miniature shrines Shrines and cornices were decorated with window motif with faces Shrines separate each story and provide loftiness for a god Dome-shaped octagonal capstone crowns vimana

7. Later Centuries Northern and Southern-style temples developed into complex, monumental forms Basic structure and symbolism remained the same

8. The 10th through 14th Centuries • Small kingdoms and dynasties flourished • This led to many different regional styles • Pallavas and Cholas in South • Palas in Northeast

9. Buddhism, while still strong in some areas (ie. Palas) declined in popularity • Hinduism grew • Local kings rivaled eachother in the building of temples to their favorite deity • Vishnu the unconquerable preserver • Shiva the destroyer of Universe • Durga the invincible • By 1000 CE, Hindu temple building was at an all time high • These temples showed off • Very ellaborate designs • Amazing engineering skills

10. KANDARIYA MAHADEVA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHOMADHYA PRADESH. INDIA. CHANDELLA DYNASTY, c. 1000 CE

11. The Kandariya Mahadeva at Khajuraho Dedicated to the goddess Shiva Built in the Chandella dynasty in 1000 CE Over 80 temples were constructed there Northern style Shikhana (towers) rising over its garbhagriha (inner sanctuary) Post-and-lintel construction

12. Halls were added onto the front and back porches Mandapas- series of three halls that symbolize the deity’s threefold emanation Basic elements and symbols are the same as Vishnu Temple at Deogarh Shikhara crowned by a small amalaka Slender shape of the main shikhara Clear structure with unified composition Towers separated from lower portion by strong horizontal moldings & open spaces over the mandapas.

13. 3 rows of sculpture integrated on exterior walls: 3 inch tall high relief depictions of gods and goddesses, some in erotic poses. Thought to express Shiva’s divine bliss, the manifestation of his presence within, and the transformation of one into many. Lower portion characterized by verticality created by protruding and receding elements. Buttressing and engaged columns Porches: two on each side, one in the back– expands ground plan, curved bases, reinforce vertical movements that unify the entire structure.

14. RAJARAJESHVARA TEMPLE TO SHIVA, THANJAVURTAMIL NADU, INDIA. CHOLA DYNASTY, 1003-10 CE.

15. The Cholas founded a dynasty that governed most of the far south into the 13th century. The Chola dynasty reached its peak during the reign of Rajaraja I (ruled 985-1014 CE). Rajaraja built the Rajarajeshvara Temple to Shiva in his capital, Thanjavur as gratitude for his many victories in battle. Temple shows supreme achievement of Hindu architecture. Stands next to the bank of the Kaveri River. Formal balance of parts and refined décor contribute to the Rajarajeshvara’s majesty. 216 ft tall The mandapahalls at the front of the Rajarajeshvara have flat roofs; the base of the vimana rises for two stories, each story articulated by a large cornice. At the top is an octagonal dome-shaped capstone.

16. The Bhakti Movement in Art 2 major religions were developing during this time that affected Hindu art: Tantric (esoteric) Bhakti (devotional) Both movements evolved throughout India. Tantric sects appeared primarily in the art of the north Bhakti movements were seen in southern art

17. Was based on ideas expressed in ancient texts, such as the Bhagvad Gita. This movement revolves around relationship between humans and deities. According to bhakti gods are the ones who create illusion (maya) in which all people are trapped. It stresses an intimate, personal, and loving relation with god, and the complete devotion and surrender to god. Using bhakti as inspiration artists created some of India’s greatest works.

18. Rajaraja I and His TeacherDetail of a wall painting in Rajarajeshvara Temple to ShivaChola Dynasty, c. 1010 CE

19. Wall painting at Rajarajeshvara Temple The temple had corridors of the passages were originally decorated with wall paintings. One painting depicts Rajaraja not as a warrior or royal king but as a beggar behind a religious teacher.

20. Rajaraja I and His Teacher King is shown as youthful and bronze-skinned Teacher has a beard and dark skin The King is behind the teacher suggesting the teacher is treated with intimacy and respect . Both show their devotion to Shiva: Both hold small flower as an offering Wear their hair in the “ascetic locks” of Shiva It doesn’t represent the king and teacher as contrast types but as united followers of Shiva

21. Bhakti and New religions The bhakti movement spread into North India in the following centuries New religion and culture began spreading in India Turkic, Persian, and Afghan invaders were crossing into India and bringing Islamic beliefs and its artistic tradition Interactions with the Islamic religion lead to evolved Indian forms of Islamic art