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Evolution of US National Security Strategy

Evolution of US National Security Strategy. US Strategies. National Security Strategy ( Pres ) National Defense Strategy ( SecDef ) National Military Strategy (CJCS) Quadrennial Defense Review ( SecDef ) Annual Report of the SecDef to Congress ( SecDef )

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Evolution of US National Security Strategy

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  1. Evolution of US National Security Strategy

  2. US Strategies • National Security Strategy (Pres) • National Defense Strategy (SecDef) • National Military Strategy (CJCS) • Quadrennial Defense Review (SecDef) • Annual Report of the SecDef to Congress (SecDef) All from DoD Historical Office

  3. Decision Process National Security Strategy of the US Defense Guidance National Military Strategy of the US Annual Report QDR CONGRESS Force Posture

  4. Guidelines Isolationism /Nationalism vs. Internationalism Realism Idealism liberalism Wilsonianism Balance of power Hegemonic realism

  5. Realism Idealism Priority on Priority on balance of powerspreading US values

  6. Continuities? Patterns? • 1789-1950s: Debate • 1940s-1952: Decision to Lead • Balance of power? • Hegemony? • Free Trade and Commerce • Spreading Democracy** • Nervousness about Commitments

  7. Threat and Response • How do we define the threat? • How do we define the US role? • How many and what types of wars do we prepare for? • How do we respond to changes in the threat?

  8. Since WW II • Cold War 1945-1990 • Post-Cold War 1990-2001 • Post-September 11: 2001 to present Each era defined by the nature of the threat

  9. 1. Cold War • Stable and relatively predictable threat • Dilemma: Total war is not an option • 45 years of developing strategies to compete with and live with the USSR

  10. Defining the Threat • Soviet Union and Communism

  11. Defining US Role • “Truman Doctrine” • Containing Spread of Communism and Soviet Power • Speech, March 1947 • Containment: Kennan’s Long Telegram as published in Foreign Affairs, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” by “X”, 1947

  12. Strategy • Nuclear Deterrence • Forward Presence • Peacetime Military Buildup • NSC-68 (1950) • Own the sea • NATO • Limited War

  13. 2. Forward Presence

  14. 6. Limited War • Korean War 1950-1953 • Fight locally • Prevent escalation • Geography • Weapons • Objectives • Negotiate and fight

  15. Legacy of Truman Strategy Core Strategy • Nuclear Deterrence • Forward Presence • Peacetime Military Strength • Own the sea • NATO and other alliances • Free Trade and Commerce • Spread Democracy**

  16. Shift in Strategy under Ike • The New Look • Greater reliance on nuclear weapons • Conventional weapons cuts • No limited war • “Never Again Club” • Reliance on regional alliances and allies

  17. JFK: Renewed Focus on “Wars of Liberation”

  18. Strategy • Flexible Response • Large Defense Buildup • Two and ½ War Strategy • Europe • East Asia • ½ War: Counterinsurgency

  19. Vietnam War

  20. Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(for reference only) Insurgent/Guerrilla Tactics Counterinsurgency (COIN) Protect territory Protect government, economic, and military infrastructure Hunt down guerrillas Hunt down political supporters of enemy Stabilize government Win support of the people Nation-building • Not taking territory • Hit and run strikes on economic, governmental , and military targets • Create shadow political structure • Make government look weak, incompetent • Win support of the people • Collapse government through intimidation and loss of popular support • Then take over nation

  21. 1950s-1960s: Change in the ThreatSino-Soviet Split

  22. Nixon Strategy • 1. Containment through détente • Arms control with USSR • SALT • Opening to China

  23. Nixon (continued) 2. 1 ½ war strategy • Europe • ½ in Korea or Middle East 3. Regional Threats? • Nixon Doctrine • Remarks July 25, 1969 (see Q and A) • Address to the nation, Nov. 3, 1969

  24. 1979-1981 Redefinition of Threat • Iranian Revolution • Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

  25. “Arc of Crisis”

  26. New Strategy (Carter) • Two War Strategy • Europe • Persian Gulf Region • Carter Doctrine • Establish RDJTF (Central Command) • End Détente with USSR • But crisis brings US-PRC closer • Large US military Buildup

  27. Reagan Response to New Cold War, End of Detente • Military Buildup • Nuclear forces • 600 ship Navy • Type of War? Sounds like Total War • But Use of US force—minor • Doctrine of Overwhelming Force (Weinberger or Powell Doctrine) • Reagan Doctrine

  28. The Cold War Ends

  29. Active Duty Military Personnel, 1940–2011Military personnel on extended or continuous active duty. Excludes reserves on active duty for training.Source:Department of Defense. NOTE: Figures for 1998 through August 2007 include cadets/midshipmen.

  30. US Navy size 1945-2011 http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org9-4.htm#1945 • Dept of the Army historical summaries http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/collect/dahsum.html • AF stats http://www.afhso.af.mil/usafstatistics/

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