Fig. 12-11-4

1. Cell wall Origin of replication Plasma membrane E. coli cell Bacterial chromosome Two copies of origin Fig. 12-11-4 Origin Origin

2. 20 µm 100 µm 200 µm Fig. 12-2 (a) Reproduction (b) Growth and development (c) Tissue renewal

3. INTERPHASE S (DNA synthesis) G1 Fig. 12-5 Cytokinesis G2 Mitosis MITOTIC (M) PHASE

4. 0.5 µm Chromosomes DNA molecules Chromo- some arm Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis) Fig. 12-4 Centromere Sister chromatids Separation of sister chromatids Centromere Sister chromatids

5. Fig. 12-6 Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis G2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Early mitotic spindle Centromere Chromatin (duplicated) Fragments of nuclear envelope Nonkinetochore microtubules Aster Cleavage furrow Metaphase plate Nucleolus forming Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming Centrosome at one spindle pole Spindle Nuclear envelope Kinetochore Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Kinetochore microtubule Plasma membrane Nucleolus

6. Fig. 12-6a Prometaphase G2 of Interphase Prophase

7. G2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Chromatin (duplicated) Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Early mitotic spindle Fragments of nuclear envelope Centromere Aster Nonkinetochore microtubules Fig. 12-6b Kinetochore Nuclear envelope Plasma membrane Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids Kinetochore microtubule Nucleolus

8. Fig. 12-6c Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis

9. Telophase and Cytokinesis Metaphase Anaphase Nucleolus forming Metaphase plate Cleavage furrow Fig. 12-6d Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming Centrosome at one spindle pole Spindle

10. Aster Centrosome Sister chromatids Microtubules Chromosomes Metaphase plate Fig. 12-7 Kineto- chores Centrosome 1 µm Overlapping nonkinetochore microtubules Kinetochore microtubules 0.5 µm

11. Telophase and Cytokinesis Metaphase Anaphase Nucleolus forming Metaphase plate Cleavage furrow Fig. 12-6d Daughter chromosomes Nuclear envelope forming Centrosome at one spindle pole Spindle

12. Fig. 12-9 Vesicles forming cell plate Wall of parent cell 1 µm 100 µm Cleavage furrow Cell plate New cell wall Daughter cells Contractile ring of microfilaments Daughter cells (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)

13. Fig. 12-9a 100 µm Cleavage furrow Daughter cells Contractile ring of microfilaments (a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)

14. Fig. 12-9b Vesicles forming cell plate Wall of parent cell 1 µm Cell plate New cell wall Daughter cells (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)

15. Nucleus Chromatin condensing 10 µm Fig. 12-10 Chromosomes Cell plate Nucleolus 2 4 1 Prophase Prometaphase 3 Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 5

16. G1 checkpoint Fig. 12-14 Control system S G1 G2 M M checkpoint G2 checkpoint

17. G0 G1 checkpoint Fig. 12-15 G1 G1 (b) Cell does not receive a go-ahead signal Cell receives a go-ahead signal

18. M M S G1 G1 M G1 S G2 G2 MPF activity Cyclin concentration Fig. 12-17 Time (a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration during the cell cycle S G1 Cdk Cyclin accumulation M Degraded cyclin G2 G2 Cdk checkpoint Cyclin is degraded Cyclin MPF (b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle

19. Anchorage dependence Fig. 12-19 Density-dependent inhibition Density-dependent inhibition 25 µm 25 µm (a) Normal mammalian cells (b) Cancer cells

20. Fig. 12-20 Lymph vessel Tumor Blood vessel Cancer cell Glandular tissue Metastatic tumor Cancer cells invade neigh- boring tissue. A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells spread to other parts of the body. Cancer cells may survive and establish a new tumor in another part of the body. 4 2 1 3