Higher Education in California: Yesterday and Today

1. Higher Education in California:Yesterday and Today Universidade de São Paulo March 22, 2013 John Aubrey Douglass Senior Research Fellow UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - BERKELEY

2. The Tour • California’s Public HE System Today • In the Beginning - The California Idea • California’s 1960 Master Plan - What it Did • Trouble in Paradise - Contemporary Challenges • California as a Global Model? John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

3. California’s Pioneering HE System TodayThe primacy of the public sector 1

4. California’s Higher Education System • Tripartite Public System • University of California • California State University (CSU) • California Community Colleges • Private Independent • For-Profit Sector John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

5. California’s Higher Education System Total HE Enrollment in California = 2.8 Million Total Public HE = 2.4 million (86%) John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

6. California Community Colleges • Governance: Board of Governors (16 members appointed by Governor) • 72 local Community College District boards • Open Door: provides access to “all who can benefit from higher education” • Two-year liberal arts degree (AA) • Primary role in vocational and adult education • 110 campuses • 1.7 million students (72% of Tripartite System total) • Annual total budget: $7.3 billion • - $6.7 billion from state and local government • - $.3 billion from Tuition and Fees John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

7. California State University • Governance: Board of Trustees (24 members appointed by Governor) • Admits from the top 33.3% of high school graduates • Bachelor’s, Master’s, some professional degrees • Primary role in teacher training • Secondary role in research and public service • 23 campuses • 44,000 Faculty and Staff • 433,000 students (19% of Tripartite System total) • Annual total budget: $7.3 billion • - $3.3 billion from state government • - $1.5 billion from Tuition and Fees John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

8. University of California • Governance: Board of Regents (26 members, 18 app. by Governor) • Admits from the top 12.5% of high school graduates • Bachelor’s, Master’s, professional degrees and Ph.D. • Primary research and public service role • Secondary role in teacher training • 10 campuses • 226,000 Students (9% of Tripartite System total) • Annual total budget: $19.1 billion* • $2.1 billion from state government • $2.57 billion from Tuition and Fees • * Not including Department of Energy National Laboratories John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

9. California Tripartite HE System - 2010 John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

10. The University of California – Funding Sources and Expenditures Expenditures Funding Sources John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

11. The state now contributes 51% less for student education than it did 20 years ago. The University of California John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

12. 2 In the Beginning -The California Idea John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

13. The California Idea • First state to develop a coordinated and coherent approach to comprehensive mass higher education • First state to establish the public junior college and to pioneer the AA degree - 1907 • First state to establish formal matriculation agreements between public HE institutions - 1910 • University of California is the nation’s first multi-campus system with inclusion of UCLA - 1919 • Emergence of tripartite structure - 1920 (not 1960!) John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

14. Source: J.A. Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education, 2000. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

15. Success of the Transfer FunctionBerkeley and UCLA Enrollment: 1930-1960 Source: J.A. Douglass, The Conditions for Admissions: Access, Equity and the Social Contract of Public Universities, 2007. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

16. 3 California’s 1960 Master Plan John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

17. The Heart of the 1960 Master Plan • More important for what it preserved and prevented (a superboard) then what it invented • Mission and governance of existing Tripartite System put into one statute • Ended often bitter turf fight over the dissertation and research function of CSU - created a treaty • Modified admissions and access paths to reduce future costs for the State of California - reducing access to UC and CSU • Outlined a plan to complete new campus development • Plan a product largely of the HE community, with pressure from lawmakers. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

18. California HE Matriculation John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

19. Source: J.A. Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education, 2000. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

20. Source: J.A. Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education, 2000. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

21. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

22. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

23. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

24. 5 Trouble in Paradise - Contemporary and Future Challenges John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

25. Evaluating HE System Success:Conclusions for California Mixed results with serious decline in the last three decades. Moderate Access Rates Low Degree Production - Among Bottom Ten States Decline in Transfer Function - when compared to pre-1960 decades Severely Underfinanced Community College system UC good quality in teaching and research – although now under threat Peak in System might have been 1970 or so in Access and Degree Production (maybe earlier) California once number one in most categories (e.g., graduation rates) now ranked in bottom ten states. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

26. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

27. Rapid decline in the State’s commitment to subsidize public HE in California In turn, commitment to low fee/tuition system evaporating – learning how to move to a “Progressive Tuition Model.” Serious challenge to enrollment balance and commitment by HE Segments to admit and serve historical pool – UC, CSU and by default CCC. Inability to grow the enrollment capacity of public HE in the near and long term – California population continues to grow. Question: is California existing HE system “Fit for Purpose”? California HE Today: What Parts of the Master Plan are Dead or Nearly So? John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

28. Its About the Money - but not only? Also structure of HE system K-12 Pipeline: Peak and Valley high school graduation rates Too Many Part-Time students Too Many Students in 2-year CCC = High HE Attrition Rates and Low Degree Production Population Growth The Brazilian Effect – For-Profits Macro Problems John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

29. California Tripartite HE System - 2010 John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

30. Reimagining – 2025? John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

31. 6 California as a Global Model? John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

32. California as an Example Highly DIFFERENTIATED but also SYMBIOTIC system – historically – with big benefits – historically. Transfer function helps justify highly selective UC system But built ORGANICALLY – beginning in the Progressive Era and essentially adding important components (institutions and relationships) over time. Not an example of reorganization of existing institutions! Not much innovation going on anymore. John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley

33. The New Global Models? National Governments are striving for greater differentiation But are doing so via often discreet methods e.g., revised funding models and/or building new institutions – FATEC’s in Brazil Movement to Pan-Regional Relationships and best practices. Europe as the new Model? Lack of Higher Education Leadership John Aubrey Douglass Center for Studies in Higher Education - UC Berkeley