Ministry of higher education & scientific researches Foundation of technical education

1. Ministry of higher education & scientific researches Foundation of technical education technical institute of AL-Dewaniyah. Educational bag (Microbiology) This unit is directed For the student of first class in Nursing department

2. By Fatima .A. chaloob MSD. Of medical laboratory sciences Head of the nursing department Lecturer 2009-2010

3. modular unit 1 &2

4. 1/ Over view 1/A –Targetpopulation :- This unit is directed to the first class students in nursing department.

5. 1/B-Rationale :- The student will know the shape of the bacteria . Know the components of bacterial cell. know the function of capsule, mesosomes, cell wall. understanding the branches of microbiology. How to compare between eucaryote and prokaryote cells.

6. 1 / C –Central Idea :- - Know the History and scop of microbiology. • - The structure of bacterial cell. • The function of each part of bacterial cell. • The shape of bacteria. • The science parasitology , virology , mycology ,bacteriology.

7. 1 / D –Instructions:- • Study over view thoroughly. • Identify the goal of this modular unit . • Do the pre test and if you :- • get 4 or more you do not need to proceed . • get less than 4 you have to study this modular unit well . • After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and if you :- • get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 3 . • get less than 4, go back and study the first and second modular unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do the post test again .

8. 2/ Performance Objectives :- After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:- 1- To know the classification of medical microbiology. 2- know what is the function of capsule and cell wall. 3- Know the function of mesosomes. 4- Define protozoa , Algae ,fungi ,Ricketssia ect.

9. 3/ Pre test :- Fill in the blanks 1-Microbiology is -------------- 2-Bacteria is ------ microorganism. 3-Germs mean ----------- . 4-Algae has -------- like plants. 5-Ricketssia is obligate unicellular organism and has------ shape.

10. Introduction/ MicrobiologyClassification of microorganismMedical microbiology : Is the study of causative agents of infectious disease of human beings and their reaction to such infections. . * Microbiology : In short this is the science dealing with the study of microorganisms.

11. Branches of microbiology : 1 – Medical microbiology . 2 – Industrial microbiology . 3 – food microbiology . 4 – soil microbiology .

12. Medical microbiology studied under following headings : Medical microbiology studied under following headings : A - parasitology : Deals with the study of parasites causing diseases in man . B - mycology : Deals with the study of fungus causing diseases in man . C - Immunology : Deals with the study of body resistance to infectious diseases . D - Bacteriology : Deals with the study of bacteria . E - Genetics : Is the study of heredity and variations . F - Virology : Is the study of viruses . A - parasitology : Deals with the study of parasites causing diseases in man . B - mycology : Deals with the study of fungus causing diseases in man . C - Immunology : Deals with the study of body resistance to infectious diseases . D - Bacteriology : Deals with the study of bacteria . E - Genetics : Is the study of heredity and variations . F - Virology : Is the study of viruses .

13. Scope of microbiology A - Diagnostic of causative organisms . B - Prognosis of disease . C - Guidance in treatment . D - Source of infection .

14. Comparison between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Character Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cell Nucleus Absent Present Nuclear membrane Absent present Nucleolus Absent present Chromosome one more Mitotic division Absent present cytoplasmic streaming Absent Present pinocytosis Absent present

15. mitochodria Absent present Lysosomes Absent present Golgi-apparatus Absent present Endoplasmic – reticulum Absent present Chemical – composition Absent present Sterol Muramic-acid Absent present

16. Sizes ofBacteria Most of bacteria are so small that the size is measured in terms of micron . A-1 micron (m) or micrometer( Mm) one thousand of millimeter . B-1- millimicron ( Mm ) or nanometer (nm) =one thousandth of micron . C- Angstrom units ( A )= one tenth of (nm) Generally cocci are a bout 1m in diameter and bacilli are 2 to 10 m in length and 0.2 to 0.5 m in width.

17. Shape of bacteria On the basis of shape , bacteria are classified as under:- A ) Cocci And on the basis of arrangement, they are described as : 1- staphylococci ( arranged in clusters ) .2 – streptococci ( arranged in chains ) .

18. 3 – Diplo cocci group of (2) . 4 – Tetrads group of (4) . 5 – Sarcina group of (8) .

19. B – Bacilli : They are cylindrical or rod shaped organisms they are of following types :. 1- coccobacilli e,g brucella . 2-Chinese letter e,g corynebacteria 3-Vibrio : They are comma – shaped e.g Vibrio cholera . Spirochaetes : they are coiled e.g treponema.

20. 5-Actinomycetes : It resembles the radiate of sun rays e.g Actinomyces 6-Mycoplasma : are organisms which lack cell-wall and so do not posses a stable morphology , they are round or oval bodies with filaments . e.g Mycoplasma pnenmonia

21. General structure of bacteria Bacterial structure * Flagella :. Organ of locomotion . Pili or fimbriae :Organ of adhesion. * Capsule:It is gelatinous secretion of bacteria,a thick coat a round cell-wall present in some spp of bacterioa as: 1- Anthrax . 2- Klebisella . 3- pneumococci .

22. 4 – Bacillus 5 –streptococcuspyogenes * Functions of Capsule :- 1 - Protection against deleterious agent e.g Lytic enzymes. 2 – Contribute to the virulence of pathogenic bacteria by inhibiting phagocytosis.

23. Cell-wall It is the outer-layer which protects the internal structure .

24. Functions of cell-wall ** 1-protection of internal structure . 2-Gives shape and rigidity to the cell. 3-It has an important role in division of bacteria . 4-offers resistance to harmful effect of environment .

25. Cytoplasmic-membrane It is thin semi permeable membrane which lies just beneath the cell-wall. • * Functions of cytoplasmic – membrane * 1- It controls inflow and outflow of metabolites to and from protoplast .

26. 2- Have specific enzyme ( permease ). 3-Have enzymes help to manufacture the cell-wall . 4-It provides little mechanical strength to bacterial – cell.

27. * Cytoplasm It is suspension of organic and inorganic solutes in viscous watery solution, it contains ribosome, inclusion, and vacuoles . * Ribosome s : They are the sites of protein synthesis.

28. * Mesosomes : They are invaginations of plasma- membrane , usually in Gm +Ve bacteria . *Function of mesosomes : They are the sites of respiratory enzymes in bacteria.

29. 2 –coordinate nuclear andcytoplasmic division during binary fission .3 – Responsible for DNA during sporulation * NucleusIt is long filament of DNA tightly coiled inside the cytoplasm.and it is surrounded by nuclear membrane generally one per cell.

30. * Flagella These are long contractile filaments they are organ of locomotion e.g vibrio , E coli , salmonella , flagella may be arranged on bacterial body in following manner

31. Monotrichous e.g vibrio spp. 2-Lophotrichous . 3- Peritrichous e.g E coli. 4- Amphitrichous e.g fecales.

32. Pilli (fimbriae ) They are short thin straight hair like appendages , they are organs of adhering to the surface of other cells.

33. Definitions:- 1 – Germs : or called ( pathogens ) means disease causing microorganisms . 2 – Infectious disease : Diseases caused by microorganisms

34. 3 – Pathogenicity :. It is referred to the ability of microbial species to produce disease . 4 - Virulence : It is referred to the ability of microbial strains to produce disease e.g. for virulent facters : A- Toxigenecity  ability to produce toxins . B – Invasiveness  ability to spread in host tissue.

35. Other microorganisms Algae : Eukaryotic photosynthetic organism, its range from small of large algae . they are important source of food, iodine, other minerals.

36. * Protozoa Eukaryotic , usually single animal like microorganisms most are free living microorganisms, found in soil and water they have no chlorophyll .

37. * Fungi * Eukaryotic,. found almost every where on earth living on organic matter in water and soil and living upon and within animal and plants .some are harmful others are beneficial in production of cheeses, beer, and wine,drugs, antibiotics.

38. * Rickettsia Are coccoid rod shaped or irregular Gm-ve bacteria with bacterial type cell-wall they contain both DNA and RNA most of them obligate intracellular pathogens that cause disease in man and other animals , Disease is transmitted by arthropod such as lice , fleas , ticks e.g. Typhus , bacteremia.

39. 3/ Post test :- Fill in the blanks 1-Microbiology is -------------- . 2-Bacteria is ------ microorganism. 3-Germs mean ----------- . 4-Algae has -------- like plants. 5-Ricketssia is obligate unicellular organism and has------ shape. .

40. 6/ key answer:- 1- Pre test :- 1- post test :- 1_ Is science dealing with study of microorganisms. which cannot be seen by naked eye 2_Procaryotic microorganisms. 3-Pathogens 4_Chlorophyll 5_Irregular. 1_ Is science dealing with study of microorganisms. which cannot be seen by naked eye 2_Procaryotic microorganisms. 3-Pathogens 4_Chlorophyll 5_Irregular.

41. References:- 1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third edition 2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for medical technology 3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002. 4-Internet,2009-2010.

42. Third modular unit

43. 1/ Over view 1/A –Targetpopulation :- This unit is directed to the first class students in nursing department.

44. 1/B-Rationale :- The student will know the spore of bacteria. Know the site of spores within the bacterial cell.

45. 1 / C –Central Idea :- -Identification of bacterial spore. structure of it . the spore sites ,how spore survives in unsuitable conditions.

46. 1 / D –Instructions:- • Study over view thoroughly. • Identify the goal of this modular unit . • Do the pre test and if you :- • get 4or more you do not need to proceed . • get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well . • After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and if you :- • get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 4 . • get less than 4, go back and study the third modular unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do the post test again .

47. 2/ Performance Objectives :- After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:- 1- To know the morphology of bacterial spore . . 2- Define central spore 3- Know the position of spores 4- K now the method of killing spores.

48. 3/ Pre test :- Write t or f 1-bacteral spores are destroid by ordinary method of sterilization. 2-spore site is central 3-spore of bacteria has acore in the middle of it. 4- Spore shapes are spherical and oval . 5- bacterial spores withstand against un suitable conditions.

49. * Bacterial spores * Spores : Are highly resistant dormant state of bacteria found in certain genera e.g. bacillus clostridium Gm +ve coccus they are destroyed by ordinary methods of boiling for several hours . they make survival of organism possible under unfavorable Conditions like dry state , spores are resistant to heat, drying, freezing, and, toxic – chemicals .

50. e.g. for not bulging 1 – central not bulging . 2 – terminal not bulging . 3 - sub terminal not bulging . * spore shape may by : 1 – spherical . 2 – oval .