400 likes | 623 Views
THE NATIONAL ECONOMY. 1790 TO 1860. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS. STARTS IN BRITAIN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY SLOW TO DEVELOP UN U.S. HOW DID IT START IN THE U.S.?. SAMUEL SLATER “FATHER OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM” MOSES BROWN FINANCED SLATER. ELI WHITNEY COTTON GIN INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS.
E N D
THE NATIONAL ECONOMY 1790 TO 1860
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS • STARTS IN BRITAIN • THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY • SLOW TO DEVELOP UN U.S.
HOW DID IT START IN THE U.S.? • SAMUEL SLATER “FATHER OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM” • MOSES BROWN FINANCED SLATER. • ELI WHITNEY • COTTON GIN • INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS
NEW ENGLAND BECOMES INDUSTRIAL CENTER • POOR SOIL • DENSE POPULATION • RIVER SYSTEM FOR POWER • GOOD HARBORS • IMPACT OF JEFFERSON’S EMBARGO • AND 1812 BLOCKADE
OTHER INVENTIONS • ELIAS HOWE – THE SEWING MACHINE 1846 • ISAAC SINGER IMPROVES THE SEWING MACHINE • READY MADE CLOTHING INDUSTRY • SUCCESS BREEDS MORE INVENTIONS
MORE … • JOHN DEER STEEL PLOW 1837 • CYRUS McCORMICK –THE REAPER • ROBERT FULTON- 1807 “THE CLERMONT” STEAMBOAT • ROBERT MORSE- 1844 TELEGRAPH
NEW WAYS OF FINANCE • NEW YORK GENERAL INCORPORATION LAW 1848 • ADVANTAGES OF CORPORATIONS: • POOL CAPITAL • LIMITED LIABILITY • PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT • IMMORTAL
PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • THE FACTORY SYSTEM • EXPLOITATION OF WORKERS • CAUSES EARLY LABOR UNIONS • GOALS OF LABOR UNIONS • COLLECTIVE BARGAINING • HOW MANAGEMENT RESISTS UNIONS
UNIONS ARE ILLEGAL CONSPIRACIES • VIEWED AS COMMUNISTIC • A SMALL STEP FORWARD FOR UNIONS • COMMONWEALTH V HUNT 1842: COURT DECLARES UNIONS ARE NOT ILLEGAL CONSPIRACIES AS LONG AS THEY USE HONORABLE MEANS.
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION • PARALLELS INDUSTRIAL GROWTH • OHIO VALLEY BECOMES AGRICULTURAL CENTER. • “CASH CROPS” • RIVERS ARE NOW TWO WAY STREETS • THE RIVER BOAT BOOM
THE CANAL FRENZY • ERIE CANAL 1825 REDUCES COST OF TRANSPORTATION • DE WITT CLINTON THE BUILDER • SUCCESS LEADS TO MORE CANAL PROJECTS
EARLY RAILROADS • BRITISH BUILD THE FIRST • FIRST U.S. RAILROAD THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO (B & O) 1828 • BY 1860 30,000 MILES OF TRACK (MOST IN THE NORTH)
TRANSPORTATION TIES THE UNION TOGETHER • EARLY PATTERN NORTH TO SOUTH BECAUSE OF RIVERS • BY 1840 A NEW PATTERN EAST TO WEST • THE NATIONAL ROAD FROM VIRGINIA TO ILLINOIS
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON WEALTH • EARLY AMERICA WAS NOTED FOR EQUALITY • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WIDENS GAP BETWEEN THE RICH AND THE POOR • FIRST MILLIONAIRE: JOHN JACOB ASTOR • CITIES BRING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND SLUMS • “SOCIAL MOBILITY”
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE • U.S. EXPORTS COTTON, CORN, WHEAT • “THE BLACK BALL LINE” FIRST SCHEDULED SHIPPING BETWEEN BRITAIN & U.S. • 1819 THE SAVANNAH THE FIRST OCEAN GOING STEAM VESSEL • U.S. RELIES ON THE “YANKEE CLIPPER” SHIP DESIGNED BY DONALD McKAY
THE ATLANTIC CABLE • CYRUS FIELDS TRIES TO TIE U.S. & EUROPE TOGETHER WITH TELEGRAPH CABLE • FAILS 5 TIME, SUCCESS ON THE 6TH TRY.
REFORM AND CULTURE 1790-1860
The Second Great Awakening • State of American religion in early 18th century • 75% of 23 million Americans attended church regularly • Many church-goers had become more liberal in their thinking around 1800 • Effects • Converted countless souls • Shattered and reorganized churches and new sects. • Fostered new reform movements: Prison reform, temperance, women's movement, and abolition. • Spread to the masses on the frontier by huge "camp meetings" • Peter Cartwright best known of Methodist "circuit riders“ (traveling preachers) • Charles Grandison Finney the greatest of revival preachers
Denominational Diversity • "Burned-Over District: Western NY, many New England Puritans had settled there and the region became known for its "hellfire and damnation" sermons; fragmentation occurred. • Wealthier, better-educated levels of society not as affected by revivalism • Less prosperous, less "learned" communities in the rural South and West most affected by revivalism • Slavery issue split Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians along sectional lines. • Mormons
An Age of Reform • Most reforms driven by evangelical religion (Second Great Awakening) • Many of these modern idealists dreamed anew the old Puritan vision of a perfected society. • Many desired to reaffirm traditional values as society plunged • Women particularly prominent in reform crusades, esp. in their struggle for suffrage. • Movements offered many middle-class women opportunities to escape the confines of home and enter public affairs.
Major Issues • Abolition of slavery • Temperance • Women’s rights • Education reform • Ending war • Conditions for the mentally ill • Prison reform -- Push for reformatories rather than punitive institutions • Ending imprisonment for debt
Crusade against alcohol • Alcohol abuse rampant in 19th c. America • American Temperance Society • T.S. Arthur’s Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1854) described in shocking detail how a secure village was transformed by Sam Slade's tavern. • 2nd best seller of the 1850s behind Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. • Two Major strategies in early battles against alcohol • Temperance -- Moderate use of alcohol rather than abstention • Illegalize alcohol • Neal S. Dow "Father of Prohibition" sponsored Maine Law of 1851 -- Prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. • Results • Much less drinking among women than earlier in the century • Less per capita consumption of hard liquor. • Temperance the least sectional of all the reform movements.
Women's Rights • Sexual differences increasingly emphasized in 19th • America as a result of Industrial Revolution. • Market separated men and women into sharply distinct economic roles. • Women seen to be physically and emotionally weak but also artistic and refined. • "Republican Motherhood": Women seen as keepers of society's conscience with special responsibility to teach children how to be good and productive citizens. • Break away from role of homemaker and participate in the public world of men.
Women's Rights • Lucretia Mott • Along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized Seneca Falls Convention • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Urged equality for women, rights to sue, rights to own real & personal property. • Susan B. Anthony • Quaker; protégé of Stanton; militant lecturer for woman's rights • Grimke sisters • Angelina Grimke -- Southern white fierce speaker against slavery and later in favor of women’s rights. • Sara Grimke -- Powerful writer on behalf of the women’s rights movement. • Lucy Stone -- Helped organize first national women’s rights convention in 1850. • An avid abolitionist; broke with male counterparts after the war over the dispute of women’s suffrage. • Retained her maiden name after she was married • Women who follow her example are known as "Lucy Stoners" • Amelia Bloomer -- Popularized the wearing of a short skirt with Turkish trousers. • "Bloomers" were challenged to be too masculine and to convey immorality. • Margaret Fuller • Edited a transcendentalist journal, The Dial.
Seneca Falls Convention • Organized by Stanton and Mott • "Declaration of Sentiments": "...all men and women are created equal." • One resolution formally demanded women’s' suffrage. • Launched the modern woman's rights movement • Attended by 61 women and 34 men. • Woman's movement overshadowed by events of the era
Education • Support for free public education gradually supported by the wealthy • Tax-supported public education triumphed between 1825 and 1850 • Demanded education for their children. • Free vote (Manhood suffrage) pushed free education. • Horace Mann • Argued key to reform was better education • Established state normal schools to better train teachers. • Secondary education lagged and 1 million people still illiterate by 1860 • Slaves forbidden to learn reading or writing; even free northern blacks usually excluded.
Education 2 • Noah Webster • Dictionary helped standardize American English • His readers and grammar books used by millions of children in 19th c. • William H. McGuffey • Grade school readers 1st published in 1830's. • Lessons emphasized morality, patriotism, and idealism. • Higher Education • 2nd Great Awakening • Women's schools in secondary ed. gained some respectability in 1820s. • Emma Willard est. in 1821, the Troy (NY) Female Seminary. • Lyceums
American Peace Society • Agitated for peace and gained momentum in the pre-Civil War years. • Dorothea Dix worked to improve treatment of the mentally handicapped. • Reports of incidents insane were often kept in chains. • Resulted in improved conditions • Appointed superintendent of women nurses for the Union forces during Civil War.
Wilderness Perfection • 1825, New Harmony, Indiana, the site of about 1000 persons led by Robert Owen. • Founded the first American kindergarten. • First free public school • First free public library. • EXA MPLES: • Brook Farm in Mass. started in 1841 by 20 intellectuals: "plain living and high thinking" • Prospered until 1846 when new communal building burned down. • Nathaniel Hawthorne a resident • Oneida Colony founded in NY in 1848; more radical • Practices free love, birth control, and eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring. • Believed in corporate marriage of all members to each other. • Communal care of children. • Equality of genders • Colony flourished for over 30 years • In 1879-80, group embraced monogamy and abandoned communism.
Continued • Shakers -- United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing • Established in Lebanon, New York • Longest-lived sect beginning in 1776 finally extinct in 1940. • Set up about 20 religious communities; membership about 6,000 in 1840 • Communistic • Opposition to both marriage and free love led to their extinction. • Believed in celibacy, equal spiritual value of men and women, and simplicity of architecture and furnishings. • New members were adopted as orphans or recruited through conversion. • Amana Community founded in Iowa in 1855 • Perfectionist communal society • Millenialists • Manufacturing business from community still in existence. • Mormons considered by some to be a utopian society – most successful
American Family • Women growing more conscious of themselves as individuals and as "sisters" as the male and female sex roles were becoming more increasingly divided. • Increasing numbers of women avoided marriage; 10% by 1860 • Schoolteachers and in domestic service. • Most women left their jobs upon marriage and became homemakers • "Cult of domesticity" glorified traditional function of the homemaker. • Godey's Lady's Book • Founded in 1830, survived until 1898 • Promoted "cult of domesticity"
Continued • Catharine Beecher (daughter of Lyman Beecher and sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe) • Called on American inventors to improve life for the homemaker • Redesigned the American kitchen and home to provide more comfort for women and a nurturing environment for the family. • Changes in the family • Love, not "arrangement" • Families grew smaller • Avg. of 6 kids in 1800; less than 5 in 1900; births fell 1/2 during the 19th c. • Smaller families meant child-centered families • Thus, outlines of the "modern family" were clear by mid-century.
Frontier Experience Uniquely American • Alexis de Toqueville's Democracy in America • (1835) Individualism and equality formed the distinguishing values of antebellum American life. • Defined the terms for discussion of the American character in the early half of the 19th century. • Western life was extremely rough • Westerners were generally more "crude" in their habits and lifestyle • Highly individualistic • Democracy on the frontier • Equality reigned on the frontier; (except slavery) • White manhood suffrage came to be the rule. • Lovers of freedom : Cherished states' rights and localism • Intensely patriotic and nationalistic
Artistic Achievements • Thomas Jefferson probably finest American architect of his generation • Brought classical design to Monticello • Artists • Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) among the best American painters of the era. • Several portraits of Washington, all somewhat idealized an dehumanized. • Charles Wilson Peale (1741-1827) painted some 60 portraits of Washington. • Hudson River School of Art • Louis Daguerre, a Frenchman, invented a crude photograph known as the daguerreotype. • Music: Stephen Foster wrote famous black songs ("darky" tunes)
Literature • Few Americans read "polite" literature in early 19th c. • Poured most of their creative efforts into practical outlets • American literature received a strong boost from nationalist wave after War of 1812. • Knickerbockers Group • Washington Irving (1783-1859) • First American to win international recognition as a literary figure • 1809, Knickerbocker's History of N.Y • The Sketch Book • Also a historian: Washington's biography and other historical works. • James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) • First American novelist to gain world fame. • The Spy (1821), Leatherstocking Tales; Last of the Mohicans • William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) • "Thanatopsis" (1817) -- One of first high-quality poems by an American
Transcendentalism • Emerged in New England during 2nd quarter of the 19th c. • Philosophy • Truth "transcends" the senses • Every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the highest truth and put him/her in direct touch with God, or the "Over soul." • Individualism in matters of religion as well as social. • Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) • "Over soul" philosophy of an organic universe • Stressed self-reliance, self-confidence, self-improvement, optimism, and freedom. • Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) • Associate of Emerson • Walden: Or Life in the Woods (1854) • Essay on Civil Disobedience • Writings later encouraged others • Walt Whitman (1819-1892) – Leaves of Grass (1855) • Margaret Fuller -- published "The Dial" • Poetry: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)
Individualists, Dissenters, Journalism, and Science. • Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) • Gifted lyric poet • Excelled in the short story: • Nathaniel Hawthorne • The Scarlet Letter (1850) • Reflected Calvinist obsession • Herman Melville (1819-1891): Moby Dick • Lashed out at the popular optimism of his day. • Believed in the Puritan doctrine of original sin and his characters spoke the mystery of life. • Journalism • Newspaper bolstered by increased literacy • Decades just before the Civil War marked the golden age of personal journalism • Horace Greeley -- editor and owner of New York Tribune published own paper (founded in 1841) • Incredibly influential in forming public opinion. (even outside NY state) • Merciless foe of slavery • Increased public knowledge meant an increased ability to make democracy work. • Science: John J. Audubon (1785-1851) • His illustrated Birds of America attained considerable popularity. • Audubon Society for the protection of birds named after him.