DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH By: Murali Mohan School Assistant, English Rudravaram

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH CHARACTERISTICS: • It is original quotation of a talk • It is always placed between two quotation marks • It is always preceded by Capital letter

Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before direct speech when the introductory verb position is in the front • Comma (,) are placed after direct speech when the introductory verb position is placed after or between the direct speech

The use of punctuation like exclamation mark (!), question mark (?) that point type of sentence of direct speech do not change Eg. - ‘Where do you live?’ she asked - My mother says to my sister: ‘Wash your hands!’ - She yelled at me: ‘Don’t have the door open!’

INDIRECT SPEECH • It is a kind of report sentence (reported speech) • It retells one’s talk or idea • It undergoes certain modification

It has three types of indirect speech 1. Imperative (Command/request) 2. Declarative (Statement) 3. Interrogative (question

1. Imperative (Command/request) • The reported is a command • Because of a command so that it does not know subject • The verb in direct imperative does not change

- Imperative has contain verb 1 like go, sleep, open etc so in the indirect speech is preceded by to infinitive) namely to go, to sleep, to open

It also has non verb, so the reported command is preceded by ‘Be + adjective/adverb!’ like: be quiet, be happy, be here so in the Indirect Speech it becomes to be quiet, to be happy, to be here

POSITIVE IMPERATIVE:

NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE:

Declarative (Statement) A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH I He/She You me/he/she/them/I/him/her My his/her Our their/our Your My/his/her

Declarative (Statement) B. Adverb of time and Place DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH • now then • today that day • tomorrow the next day the day after the following day a day later • next the … after • the following …

Declarative (Statement) B. Adverb of time and Place DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH • last … the … before the previous … the preceding … • … ago … before • … earlier • yesterday the day before the previous day the preceeding day • the day before yesterday two days before • here there • this that • these those

Declarative (Statement) C. Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH • Present Simple Past Simple • Present Continuous Past Continuous • Present Perfect Past Perfect • Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Declarative (Statement) C. Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH • Future Simple Past Future • Future Continuous Past Future Continuous • Future Perfect Past Future Perfect • Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Perfect Continuous

Declarative (Statement) C. Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH • Past Simple Past Perfect • Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous • Past Perfect Past Perfect

Let’s see the following changes DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH • Verb 1 Verb 2 • Verb 2 Had + Verb 3 • Is was • Am was • Are were • Have had • Has had • Do did • Does did • Was/were had been • Did had + verb 3

Let’s see the following changes DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH • Can could • May might • Must had to • Shall should • Will would

Let’s see the following changes DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH • Ought to + verb 1 ought to + have + verb 3 / been • Could + verb 1 could + have + verb 3 / been • Might + verb 1 might + have + verb 3 / been • Should + verb 1 should + have + verb3 / been • Would + verb 1 would + have + verb 3 / been

Examples: DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH • Andi: ‘I will go now.’ Andi said that he would go then • Rani: ‘They love me.’ Rani told me they loved her • ‘I’ve been writing’, Dina Dina answered that she answered had been writing Mother: ‘I was sick yesterday.’ Mother told that she had been sick the day before

3. Interrogative (question) a. Preceded by Auxiliary • When the question is preceded by auxiliary that needs yes/Noanswer it will be used the conjunction if or whether in the indirect speech • The steps how to make indirect speech: • The question sentence of the indirect speech is firstly changedto be statement • It then follows the rules before

Example DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Doctor: ‘Do you usually take a nap?’ • It is firstly changed to be: You usually take a napDoctor asks if/whether I usually take a nap

Example DIRECT SPEECH Mary: ‘Are you a student?’ • It is firstly changed to be: You are a student INDIRECT SPEECH • Ratu asked if/whether I was a student

Example DIRECT SPEECH John: ‘May I borrow your car?’ • Preceded by Question Word (QW) • It is firstly changed to be: I mayborrow your car INDIRECT SPEECH • John asked if he might borrow my • John asked whether he might borrow my

a. Preceded by Question Words • In the question using Question Word (QW) • To form indirect speech the question is firstly changed to be statement • QW: what, when, where, which, why, who, whom, etc. are used asconjunction

Example • DIRECT SPEECH • Andi: ‘How do you spell your name?’ - It is firstly changed to be: You spellyour name • INDIRECT SPEECH Andi askedhowI speltmy name

Example DIRECT SPEECH • Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?’ It is firstly changed to be: You can keep your money safely INDIRECT SPEECH - Sophia asked me where I could keep my money safely.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH