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The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System. Structure and Function. Bones. I lium, Pubis, Ischium , C arpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, F emur, Patella, T ibia, Tarsals. Metatarsals, V ertebral column :– Cervical, 5 Thoracic, 12 L umber vertebrae, 5 Sacrum, (Sacral) 5 C occyx 3.

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The Skeletal System

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  1. The Skeletal System Structure and Function

  2. Bones • Ilium, • Pubis, • Ischium, • Carpals, • Metacarpals, • Phalanges, • Femur, • Patella, • Tibia, • Tarsals • Metatarsals, • Vertebral column :– • Cervical, 5 • Thoracic, 12 • Lumber vertebrae, 5 • Sacrum, (Sacral) 5 • Coccyx 3 • Cranium, • Clavicle, • Ribs, • Sternum, • Humerous, • Radius, • Ulna, • Scapula, • Fibula

  3. Axial & Appendicular • Appendicular skeleton of 126 bones and the Axial skeleton of 80 bones together form the complete skeleton of 206 bones. • The appendicular skeleton is unfused =greater range of motion. [1]

  4. The Appendicular Skeleton • Contains 126 bones • Appendicular adj. (noun) appendage = part that is joined to something larger • Bones of the limbs and girdles (joints) • Involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) • Manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper limbs). • Divided into six major regions: • 1) Pectoral Girdles (4 bones) - Left and right Clavicle (2) and Scapula (2). • 2) Arm and Forearm (6 bones) • 3) Hands (58 bones) • 4) Pelvis (2 bones) (ilium) • 5) Thigh and leg (8 bones) • 6) Feet (56 bones • Movement!

  5. The Axial Skeleton • Consists of 80 bones • Central axis of the body • It is composed of six parts; Skull, ossicles (middle ear), hyoid bone (throat), rib cage, sternum, vertebral column • Protection!

  6. Types of bone • Long - limbs • Short • Flat - skull • Irregular • Sesamoid

  7. Long Bones Not always long! (includes Phalanges) Classification: • having a body which is longer than it is wide, • growth plates (epiphysis) at either end, • a hard outer surface of compact bone • a spongy inner (cancellous bone containing bone marrow) • Both ends are covered in hyaline cartilage (protect and aid shock absorbtion)

  8. Short Bones Approximately as wide as they are long Provide support and stability with little movement (wrist and foot bones) Consist of: • a thin layer of compact, hard bone with cancellous bone on the inside along with relatively large amounts of bone marrow.

  9. Flat Bones • Strong, flat plates of bone • Functions : Provide protection to the bodies vital organs/ base for muscular attachment (Scapula) • Anterior and posterior surfaces are formed of compact bone (strength for protection) • Centre consisits of cancellous (spongy) bone and varying amounts of bone marrow. • High amount - red blood cells are formed by adults

  10. Irregular Bones • Have a non-uniform shape (Vertebrae, Sacrum) • They primarily consist of cancellous bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

  11. Sesamoid Bones • Sesamoidbones are usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon (Patella) • Sesamoidbones are usually present in a tendon where it passes over a joint which serves to protect the tendon

  12. Functions of the Seletal System

  13. Support and Shape • If we had no bones the body would be a shapeless mass! • Organs would crush each other and be unable to perform their functions • The hard give shape to the body (rigid frame) - keeps everything in place

  14. Protection • Protecting all our vital organs! • i.e the thoracic skeleton: The chest (Ribs & Sternum)provide support, protect the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys, this helps bring about the process of breathing movements. • Is built to absorb the most physical damage when the body is injured. What could happen if this didn’t exist?

  15. Attachment • Muscles attach to the end of bones (at least 2) by ligaments • Skeletal muscles create movement, (attached to bones) • Joints permit movement

  16. Blood • Haematopoiesis, within the red bone marrow (blood cells produced) • Red blood cells are worn out and destroyed by the liver on a daily basis. • Red blood cells transport life-giving oxygen • Blood marrow produces about 2.6 million blood cells per second. • Yellow bone marrow stores fat (Convert to red bone marrow if required)

  17. Minerals • To be healthy our body requires certain minerals and nutrients. • If there is too many minerals within the blood from our diet the bone absorbs it (calcium & phosphorus) within the Bone matrix • Calcium metabolism • Bone marrow stores iron • Iron metabolism • This means the bones will supply these minerals to the blood stream when they are low.

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