Topic : Ecology Aim : Describe symbiotic relationships that exist between organisms. Do Now : HW :

1. Topic: Ecology Aim: Describe symbiotic relationships that exist between organisms. Do Now: HW:

2. Symbiotic relationship Two different organisms live in close association with each other

4. Mutualism • Both organisms benefit • (+, +)

5. Ex: • Bacteria in large intestine

6. - Bees and flowers

7. Hummingbird feeds, distributes pollen

9. Lichens are made up of an alga or cyanobacterium that lives within the tissues of a fungus.

10. Legumes (peas, beans) have nodules on their roots where nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow.

11. Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish The moray eel gets a clean mouth & the cleaner fish gets a meal.

12. The clownfish protects the sea anemone from anemone-eaters, the anemone protects the fish from fish-eaters.

13. Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites and oxbird gets a meal

14. Commensalism • One benefits and the other is not affected • (+, 0) • Examples:

15. Barnacles attach themselves to surface of whales. • In the picture, two barnacles are attached to the shell of a scallop.

16. Pseudoscorpions are mostly less than 1cm is length. These scropion like animals have pincers (chlicera) like scorpions, but lack a sting. A few species of pseudoscorpions disperse by concealing themselves under the wing covers of large beetles such as the cerambycid beetle shown.

17. Remora sharks are endowed with an adhesive disk on the dorsal surface of their heads. They use this adhesive disk to “hitch a ride” on larger animals, usually whales, which tend to be sloppy eaters. When food floats away from the whale’s mouth, the remora can unhitch itself and collect the scraps of food floating by.

18. Parasitism • One benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) • (+, -)

19. Examples: • Tapeworms live in digestive tract

20. Tapeworms are long, flat parasites that live in the intestines of pigs, cows, and even humans. A tapeworm gets into its host by laying its eggs in the host’s food source. The host eats this food, and the eggs develop and grow into tapeworms, which attach themselves to the intestines of their host. Tapeworm feed off the food that the host eats, and sometimes a tapeworm has been known to live in a human for ten years without being detected! The tapeworm has a safe, warm home and a constant food source, but the host does not benefit from the relationship. In some rare cases, the tapeworm can make the host sick or even cause death.

21. - Roundworms • Many roundworm parasitic diseases result from human carelessness and a lack of appropriate personal hygiene and sanitation measures. • Range in size from those plainly visible to the naked eye to those several hundredths-of-an-inch long and visible only under a microscope. • Most eggs or larvae are found in the soil and can be picked up on the hands and transferred to the mouth or can enter through the skin. • Mature adult roundworms eventually end up or live in human intestines and cause a variety of health problems.

22. Hookworms live in the small intestine. Hookworm eggs are passed in the feces of an infected person. If the infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) of if the feces of an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil. They can then mature and hatch, releasing larvae (immature worms). The larvae mature into a form that can penetrate the skin of humans. Hookworm infection is mainly acquired by walking barefoot on contaminated soil. One kind of hookworm can also be transmitted through the ingestion of larvae.

23. - Athlete’s foot

24. Mistletoe is a plant that people hang above doorways at Christmas-time. Before it gets picked and hung inside it grows by living off of other plants.Mistletoe grows on woody plants, taking nutrients and moisture from them. It also “strangles” it—reducing the nutrients that the plant can take in. Mistletoe is considered a parasitic plant, because the mistletoe gets all the benefits, while the woody plant or tree has to support itself as well as the mistletoe.

25. Let’s summarize… • Describe symbiotic relationships. • Identify the 3 types of symbiotic relationships and explain the difference between them.

26. A symbiotic relationship exists between two organisms of different species. If only one organism benefits from the relationship and the other is not harmed, the relationship is known as  (1.) mutualism  (2.) commensalism  (3.) parasitism (4.) saprophytism

27. The American dogwood, a flowering tree of NY State's woodlands, has been attacked by a fungal disease specific to this tree species. Many dogwoods have died because fungicides have not proven effective in fighting the spread of this disease. Which term best describes the relationship between the dogwood trees and the fungus? (1.) parasitism  (2.) mutualism  (3.) commensalism  (4.) saprophytism

28. Select the term from the list below that is most closely associated with the following statement. parasitism  commensalism  competition mutualism  saprophytism • The roots of a mistletoe plant absorb nutrients from living oak trees, causing some damage to the tissues of the trees. 2. Protozoans living in the intestine of a termite secrete enzymes that digest cellulose, providing digestive end products of value to both organisms. 3. Certain fungi use dead organic matter for food.

29. The relationship between fleas and a dog is most similar to the relationship between (1.) honeybees and flower  (2.) orchids and a tree  (3.) nitrogen-fixing bacteria and a legume (4.) athlete's foot fungus and a human