SOCI3055A STUDIES IN ADDICTIONS

1. SOCI3055ASTUDIES IN ADDICTIONS February 6, 2007 INTERVENTIONS Strategies and Methods in Addictions Research

2. Overview Readings: • Rhodes, T. (2005). “The Multiple Roles of Qualitative Research in Understanding and Responding to Illicit Drug Use” in Cocktails & Dreams. Perspectives on Drug and Alcohol Use. New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall. pp. 29-42. • Lyman, D., R. Milich, R. Zimmerman, S. Novak, T. Logan, C. Martin, C. Leukefeld, R. Clayton (1999). “Project DARE: No Effects at 10-Year Follow-Up”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.67(4). pp. 590-593. • Boyd, S., K. Faith (1999). “Women, Illegal Drugs and Prison: Views From Canada”. International Journal of Drug Policy. 10(3). pp. 195-207.

3. Class outline 1. Project – groups, topics & presentation dates • Follow-up from Carolyn Franklin’s presentation • Sensitivities in addictions research – Exercise • Flo Kellner, Professor Emeritus, Carleton University. Addictions, Experiences and Lessons Learned. • Group project working rules • Research methods in addictions – Forward to the basics • EXERCISE – Answer & submit…

4. 1. Projects - groups, topics & presentation dates • MARCH 13 • Smoking (illicit drugs, tobacco) • Alcohol • Food • Pornography • MARCH 20 • Caffeine • Safe injection facilities • Gambling • Mental health & substance abuse • MARCH 27 • Sex workers & drug use • Steroids & athletes • Plastic surgery

5. 2. Follow-up from Carolyn Franklin’s presentation… • The federal and provincial tax revenue from alcohol in 2004 was $7.6 BILLION!!  The provinces received approximately $4.2 B and the feds received $3.4B. • It’s an interesting tax since it is not set annually such as income and other government taxes.  The alcohol tax is a “discretionary” tax since a government can raise the taxes at any time during the year if they foresee a cash crunch, want to fund special projects, etc.

6. NGOs that have endorsed the National Framework to date: • Addictions Foundation of Manitoba • Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission • Atlantic Association of Addiction Executives • Association des intervenants en toxicomanie du Québec inc. (AITQ) • Bosco Homes - A Society for Children and Adolescents • Canadian Aids Society • Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, Drug Abuse Committee • Canadian Association of Liquor Jurisdictions • Canadian Association of Principals • Canadian Association for School Health

7. Canadian Executive Council on Addictions • Canadian Harm Reduction Network • Canadian Mental Health Association • Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse • Canadian Public Health Association • Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine • Canadian Teachers’ Federation • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health • Centre for Addictions Research of B.C. • Centre québécois de lutte aux dependences • Federation of Canadian Municipalities • Fédération québécois des Centres de Readaptation pour personnes alcooliques et autres toxicomanes

8. Five Hills Regional Health Authority • Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction (INMHA) • MADD Canada • Northern British Columbia Council on Substance Abuse • Ontario Pharmacists Association • Ontario Public Health Association • Regina and Area Drug Strategy • Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region • Salvation Army in Canada • Toronto Board of Health • Western Regional Integrated Health Authority Cornerbrook Newfoundland

9. 3. Sensitivities in addictions research - EXERCISE • In groups of 2, you have a total of 3 MINUTES to • list as many sensitivities as you can think of that • should be considered when doing research in the • addictions field (you can draw upon your readings • for this week).

10. 4. Flo Kellner

11. 5. Group work = Team work

12. 6. Research methods in addictions  Forward to the basics RESEARCH = UNDERSTANDING

13. 4 Questions • What is research? • What is a Western academic approach to research? • What is community-based research? • What is Aboriginal research? • Research example

14. (A) What is research? What topics can be researched? Report on the Forum on Alcohol and Illicit Drugs Research in Canada, November 2003 http://www.ccsa.ca/index.asp?page=131 Why do research? How do you do research?

16. Research is… Activity intended to investigate, document, bring to light, analyse, or interpret matters in any domain, to create knowledge for the benefit of society or of particular groups. (M. Castellano, Journal of Aboriginal Health, January 2004: 99)

17. Knowledge What is known, or thought to be known, and changes over time.

18. (B) What is a Western academic approach to research? THEORY INDUCTION DEDUCTION EMPRICAL HYPOTHESES GENERALIZATIONS MEASUREMENT OPERATIONALIZATION OBSERVATION Researcher’s Knowledge Production

19. Human inquiry vs. Science HUMAN INQUIRY To question and predict. SCIENCE To produce knowledge, to understand and explain some aspect of the world around us.

20. Science An objective, accurate, systematic analysis of empirical data in order to discover recurring relations and advance human knowledge.

21. Scientific solutions to human inquiry • Scientific observation is a conscious activity. • Science commits in advance to large samples and replication. • Science makes an effort to look for deviant cases to the norm. • Logical reasoning is a conscious activity. • Recognized role of theory.

22. (C ) What is community-based research? “CBR [community-based research] is a collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each brings. CBR begins with a research topic of importance to the community with the aim of combining knowledge and action to improve community health and eliminate health disparities”. (Kellogg Community Health Scholars Program)

23. How CBR differs from a Western scientific approach to research INPUT Research is driven by community needs. PROCESS Community plays a role in gathering, analyzing and disseminating information. OUTCOME Research is intended to be used by the community to enhance health and build on community assets. (Paez-Victor, 2002)

24. CBPR Principles • Communities are involved in the initiation of research ideas and partnerships. • Equitable partnerships are created between research partners, where each contributes essential skill sets. • Communities can be involved in collection, interpretation and dissemination of data. • Enhances the capacities and skills of all partners. • Communities should benefit from the research being conducted. (The Wellesley Institute, 2006)

25. (D ) What is Aboriginal research? • OCAP principles B. Schnarch (2004). “Ownership, Control, Access and Possession (OCAP) or Self-Determination Applied to Research. A Critical Analysis of Contemporary First Nations Research and Some Options for First Nations Communities”. Journal of Aboriginal Health. Vol.1, No.1. http://www.naho.ca/english/pdf/journal_p80-95.pdf • Aboriginal methods • Aboriginal research ethics M. Castellano (2004). “Ethics of Aboriginal Research”. Journal of Aboriginal Health. Vol.1, No.1. http://www.naho.ca/english/pdf/journal_p98-114.pdf

26. Aboriginal methodology

27. Aboriginal research ethics:8 Principles for developing ethical codes for research and partnership (Castellano, 2004) • Creating Knowledge – An Aboriginal Right • Fiduciary Obligations • Diversity of Aboriginal Cultures • Scope of Ethics Regimes • Harmonization of Ethical Protection and Intellectual Property • Administrative Infrastructure • Costs of Implementing an Ethical Regime • Education for Ethical Practice

28. (E) A research example Aboriginal Women Drug Users in Conflict with the Law: A Study of the Role of Self-Identity in the Healing Journey.

29. Learning from the Past – Prairie Women, Violence & Self-Harm Doing research BY, FOR & WITH • Decision to conduct the research • Construction of interview guide • Resources available • Giving back Challenges • Opposing views • Decisions of a strategic nature • Research and its relation to knowledge translation • Unanticipated happenings

30. Project objectives • Examine the experiential paths of how Aboriginal women in conflict with the law constitute and reconstitute their self-identity prior to, during and following treatment for illicit drug use (defined as the healing journey).  • The starting point of inquiry is an interpretation of women’s drug use as a coping and survival technique from emotional pain and distress rooted in abuse and violence. • Also examine the influence of treatment program workers on women’s constitution and reconstitution of their self-identity and its relation to healing.

31. Research • To improve the burden of ill health of adult Aboriginal female illicit drug users in conflict with the law. • To generate new knowledge on the constitution and reconstitution of self-identity and the influence of associated role expectations and stigma for this population in their healing journey. • To generate new knowledge on the influence of treatment program workers on women’s constitution and reconstitution of their self-identity and its relation to healing.

32. to disseminate the research findings and implement knowledge translation strategies with treatment providers and the academic community. • to provide a successful model of a community-based research partnership that is rooted in research being conducted by, for and with the community. • to facilitate mentoring opportunities among the diversity of partners involved in the study.

33. “If you’ve come here to help me you’re wasting your time. If you’ve come here because your liberation is bound up in mine, then let us work together”. - Lilla Watson

34. Partnership A cooperative relationship between people or groups who agree to share responsibility for achieving some specific goal.

35. Lessons Learned • Defining community • Timing • Coordination • Flexibility • Developing relationships • Act on opportunities • Taking action

36. ANSWER & submit… • Identify 3 key principles to an ethical research project? • How will you account for each in your group presentations?