Telecommunications

1. Telecommunications • Economic prosperity in Europe • Increased mining • Development of barometer • Meteorology & Electricity • Electromagnetism • Electromagnetic induction • Telephone

2. 1066 AD – Battle of Hastings • Saxons vs. The Normands. • Normands used stirrups on their horses, which gave them a tactical advantage in battle. • The stirrup first used in 322 AD China, is so simple yet had enormous social and economic affects in Europe.

3. Battle of Hastings

4. War Horse Improvements • Higher saddle cantle, and armored riders. • Bigger horses and ultimately family crests. • Increased social classes. Knighthood became hereditary

5. 1415 AD – The Battle of Agincourt • Perhaps the greatest English victory of the “100 Year War.” • English casualties: < 500 • French casualties: 7-12 thousand! • Archers trained since childhood only the best go to battle. • A good archer could deliver 12-15 arrows a minute which could penetrate armor within 200 yards. • Archers easily took horses and knights out of the equation.

6. 6th Century – The New Plough • Able to plow the dense rich soil of Europe. • New parts include the Coulter which cuts the soil, the Moldboard turns soil over and Landside prevents sideways movement.

7. The Plow (600 AD) The Plowshare was also on the ancient scratch plow

8. 8th Century • Introduction of horse collar and horseshoe and crop rotation in Europe.

9. Crop Rotation • The goals of crop rotation are to help manage soil fertility, disease and insects. • The four groups of plants shown here require different soil nutrients.

10. 16th Century • End of longbow in warfare. • Improved prosperity & less longbow practice. • Additionally cannons and rifles made the longbow obsolete.

11. China • Philosophically driven to better understand nature. • Credited with development of paper, printing, compass, stern rudder, lateen sail, the spinning wheel, the loom, gun powder and others.

12. Technology and China • Did not develop technologically because to recreate nature would disallow “Chi” which flows through everything in nature. This was contrary to their Taoistic philosophy. • The government was firmly bureaucratic and contained no profit incentive.

13. 1516 – The Slovakian Silver Mine of Joachimsthal. • Triggered by need for more cash money during the boom period of the 16th Century. • Published that water could only be vacuumed up 30 feet, and no higher. • Also consistent with well known problem of not being able to vacuum water up > 30 ft. for tall buildings.

14. The Barometer & Light • 1643 –Evangelista Torricelli designed and built a mercury barometer. Told us we “live under an ocean of air.” • 5 years later Hg barometer demonstrated on Puy de Dome in France. • 1675 - Picard observed a light emitted from a shaken barometer which “sparked” interest in electricity and light.

15. Barometer • Since Hg is 13.5 x denser than H2O only a one meter tube is required. These bulbs all contain small amounts of toxic Hg

16. Watch this video and choose why the candle rises into the flask • A) The pressure inside the beaker is increasing. • B) The pressure outside the beaker is increasing. • C) The pressure inside the beaker is decreasing. • D) I was sleeping and missed the video.

17. 18th Century Electricity • 1745 – Leyden Jar was invented to store a static charge. • 1786 – Luigi Galvani noticed that inserting a brass wire into a frog spinal column and touching the wire to the iron table caused the frog legs to move.

18. Galvanic or Voltaic Cell • 1800 – Alessandro Volta proved dissimilar metals created an electric current on contact and created the “pile” or battery.

19. Electricity (Cont.) • 1820 –Oersted, using Volta’s battery accidentally demonstrated electricity flowing in a wire produces a magnetic field. • 1835 - Michael Faraday discovered magnetic induction by creating electricity from a changing magnetic field.

20. What Oersted Saw

21. 1875 – Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone. • First telephone call made in 1876. • A vibrating metal diaphragm affecting an electromagnet’s current. • The modern telephone

22. In the Readings • Fossil fuel reserves may last 600 years. • Cost, the environment and alternatives could undermine their dominance. • Alternatives include, hydro, gas, nuclear and renewable sources, such as, wind and solar energy. • Wind energy is biggest growth area for 3rd World countries.

23. Can Technology Spare the Earth? • Assuming the human population will continue to expand, then will our resources be sufficient to support us? • Energy - current 5% efficiency will improve to 15% by 2100. • Land - Current trends show that farming efficiency is well ahead of demand. • Materials - incomplete data • Water - not an area of great future concern

24. Energy • Currently running at 5% efficiency through the chain • We have improved energy efficiency 1% in the last 100 years. • By 2100 we may expect 15% efficiency. • Decarbonization - using fuels with less carbon such as Hydrogen and natural gas.

25. Land • Current crop efficiency is about 2 tons grain per hectare worldwide • At 5 tons per hectare we have room for 10 billion people with less farm land. • Current trends suggest world yield to be about 8 tons by 2060.

26. Materials • Dematerialization - using less materials or resources • The need for less waste • Incomplete data to assess any possible future problems

27. Water • Current trends suggest this is not an area of great future concern.

28. Even Geniuses Make Mistakes • “Scientists sometimes make lousy fortunetellers.” • “X-rays will prove to be a hoax.” • “Jupiter’s moons are invisible to the naked eye and therefore can have no influence on the Earth, therefore useless, therefore they do not exist.”

29. What technology did the Normands utilize to win the battle of Hastings? Explain how the horse stirrup affected social & economic status of people. How the Welch longbow changed war. Describe the difference and similarity of the scratch plow and European plow. A Chinese discovery which Europeans used as a weapon. Saddle stirrups #2 Triggered Knighthood & stratified social status. #4 Demonstrated the vulnerability of the knight in battle. #5 New plow added Coulter and Moldboard. #6 Gunpowder #10-11 Things you should know

30. Four agricultural advances during this period. Agricultural technology and the cannon’s affect on longbow usage. Explain why a vacuum pulls water up only 32’ at sea level Why does Hg(L) in a tube illuminate, p75 How did Bell change voice into an electrical signal? Horse, horseshoe, horse collar & crop rotation. #8-9 Prosperity and a better weapon. #10 14.7 psi atmospheric pressure pushes water up. #13-15 Connections page 75. #21 Vibrating metal diaphragm fluctuates current in electromagnet Things you should know