Alexander Builds an Empire

1. Alexander Builds an Empire

2. Do Now How did the government of Athens change following the fall of the Thirty Tyrants? What caused the Greek city-states to become unstable?

3. The End of Greek Independence Macedonia was an area north of the Greek city-states on the Balkan Peninsula.

4. The End of Greek Independence Philip of Macedonia ended the independence of the Greek city-states.

5. The End of Greek Independence In 338 B.C., Philip’s army fought Greek soldiers at the Battle of Chaeronea. The Macedonians were victorious, and King Philip claimed the Greek city-states.

6. The End of Greek Independence • He formed the League of Corinth to put an end to the constant fighting between the city-states.

7. The End of Greek Independence • Members of the league had to promise to support him and to agree to not fight any other member. All the major Greek city-states joined except Sparta. Never!!

8. The End of Greek Independence • King Philip then set out to gain control of Persia, but he was killed before he could complete his plan.

9. The End of Greek Independence His son Alexander, then 20 years old, rose to the throne in 336 B.C.

10. Alexander’s Teachers • From Aristotle, Alexander learned Greek philosophy and science. From his father, he learned how to rule and how to wage war.

11. Aristotle and Philip Aristotle Philip of Macedonia

12. The End of Greek Independence • Legends say that Alexander slept with both a dagger and a copy of Homer’s Iliad under his pillow.

13. The End of Greek Independence • He conquered Asia Minor, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and parts of Greece and India. His empire stretched from Greece all the way to the Indus Valley in ancient India.

14. The End of Greek Independence • He introduced the Greek language and spread Greek culture.

15. The End of Greek Independence • By 325 B.C., he had completed one of the most successful military campaigns in history. • The leader would soon be known to the world as Alexander the Great.

16. The End of Greek Independence To rule many different peoples, Alexander adopted some of their customs and allowed them some degree of self-rule. This practice made people more willing to accept him as their new king.

17. The End of an Empire • Alexander had defeated an Indian army that had more than 200 war elephants.

18. The End of an Empire Alexander wanted to conquer more of India, however, his soldiers refused to go on. .

19. The End of an Empire • They had followed Alexander for more than 11,000 miles and had fought for eight years.

20. The End of an Empire • Disappointed, Alexander turned around, marched home, and began planning new conquests. • He fell ill with a fever, however, and died shortly before his thirty-third birthday.

21. Note • A legend says that before Alexander died, he was asked to name a successor. Alexander answered that the rule of the empire should go “to the strongest!”

22. The End of an Empire • No one leader proved strong enough to hold Alexander’s empire together. After his death, his generals fought each other for control.

23. The End of an Empire This conflict caused the empire to split into separate kingdoms. The three largest of these – Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt – often fought with one another.

24. The End of an Empire • Even though his empire had ended, Alexander’s influence lived on for nearly 300 years after his death. • Greek culture spread eastward and into Egypt. For this reason, this period of time is called the Hellenistic Age, or Greeklike Age.

25. Alexandria: A Center of Learning • Alexandria, Egypt became the center of trade with Asia in goods as well as ideas.

26. Note The lighthouse in Alexandria is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

27. Alexandria: A Center of Learning • It grew into a multicultural city, or city with many cultures.

28. Alexandria: A Center of Learning • The following thinkers contributed to this time period:

29. Euclid Did work in geometry, the study of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids. He is sometimes called the father of geometry.

30. Euclid

31. Eratosthenes Used mathematics, including geometry, to estimate, quite closely, Earth’s diameter and circumference.

32. Hypatia She was an Egyptian mathematician and philosopher who headed a school of philosophy in Alexandria. She developed many theories in mathematics and invented tools for measuring the properties of water.

33. Hypatia

34. Tip Remember: Hypatia had to stay hydrated!

35. Archimedes Used mathematics to invent many machines, including water pumps. He also explained how pulleys and levers work.

36. Note Archimedes is reported to have said, “Give me a lever long enough and I will move the world.”

37. Tip *Remember the “M” in Archimedes = mathematics and machines

38. Aristarchus Used mathematics to discover that Earth rotates and moves in a path around the sun. He also tried to calculate the size of the sun and the moon.

39. Tip Remember Aristarchus studied the stars

40. The Hellenistic Age • The spread of culture had an effect on architecture, politics, law, literature, philosophy, religion, and art.

41. The Hellenistic Age • During his rule, Alexander founded new cities, using the model of Greek city-states. Many of these cities, and older ones as well, he named Alexandria, after himself.

42. The Hellenistic Age • Over time, the city of Alexandria, Egypt stood out from the rest. It became a new center for culture and learning.

43. The Hellenistic Age • The Romans borrowed from the religion, art, architecture, philosophy, literature, and language of the Greeks to build their own civilization in the region.

44. Wrap Up Complete Homework and Practice Book Page 93