Historiography and the Emergence of Intercollegiate Football in the 19 th Century

1. Historiography and the Emergence of Intercollegiate Football in the 19th Century Alar Lipping, Ph.D. Northern Kentucky University

2. Four Critical Elements • Contest • Rivalry (Sense of Tradition) • Institutionalization • Entertainment

3. Contest and Rivalry(Inter-class) • The Extracurriculum: A sense of freedom • In 1820’s Harvard Freshman vs. Sophomore: event contested on the first Monday of every new school year became known as “Bloody Monday”. The contest was called football.

4. Contest But Lacking Rivalry(Inter-college) • Princeton – Rutgers, November 6, 1869 (Association Rules) • Columbia – Rutgers, November 12, 1870 (Association Rules) • Yale- Columbia, November 16, 1872 (Association Rules) • Harvard – McGill, May 14, 1874 (Harvard Rules) • Harvard – McGill, October 23, 1874 (Rugby Rules)

5. continuation • Harvard – Tufts, June 4, 1875 (Rugby Rules) • Harvard – Yale, November 13, 1875 (Concessionary Rules)

6. Rutgers - The Birthplace of Intercollegiate FootballThe First Intercollegiate Game - November 6, 1869 or The first soccer game in the world between two universities? Oxford and Cambridge did not play until 1872.

7. Rutgers Team 1869

8. Dartmouth 1871 Rules

9. Oldest Programs: 1872 Columbia versus Yale The 1873 Eton-Yale program (henceforth known as the second oldest program) is below. Eton is the English team from Eton College in the United Kingdom. This game was played on December 6th, 1873 at Hamilton Park in New Haven.

10. Harvard Versus McGill 1874

11. Harvard vs Columbia]. December 7, 1878

12. New rules for the game were formalized when a group of representatives from Harvard, Columbia, Princeton, and Yale met on November 23, 1876 at the "Massasoit Convention." Among them was Walter Camp—a Yale alumnus and coach. Known as "Father of American Football," Camp is credited with some of the most significant changes in the evolution of the American football game including the introduction of the line of scrimmage in 1880, and down-and-distance rules in 1882

13. Institutionalization • Reorganization of the Intercollegiate Football Association (Originally formed in 1873) • Princeton calls a meeting at Springfield, Mass. On November 23, 1876. Results in a new Intercollegiate Football Association with Princeton, Harvard, and Columbia as charter members. Yale did not join but agreed to adopt the Rugby game. Yale wanted to play with a side of 11 players as opposed to the 15 players that were adopted by the Intercollegiate Football Association. • Codification of Rugby rules.

14. continuation • Thanksgiving Day Championship Game: Yale versus Princeton, Hoboken, New Jersey in 1876. Yale freshman Walter Camp starred in the game. • Game moved to the Polo Grounds • Walter Camp: Americanizes the Rugby rules. • 11 players • Static line of scrimmage • Use of downs (gain five yards in three tries) • Revision of the scoring system

15. Most Influential Leaders in America During the Late 19th Century