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Ancient Egypt. Egypt was located on the Nile River . flows north from the mountains. People lived along the banks of the Nile. flooded every year leaving rich soil for farming. Rosetta Stone. 1799 Napoleon invaded Egypt and his soldiers found the Rosetta Stone.
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Ancient Egypt • Egypt was located on the Nile River. • flows north from the mountains. • People lived along the banks of the Nile. • flooded every year leaving rich soil for farming.
Rosetta Stone • 1799 Napoleon invaded Egypt and his soldiers found the Rosetta Stone. • Hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek were written on the stone. • Allowed Jean Champallion to translate hieroglyphs.
Old Kingdom of Egypt • Age of pyramids. • Egyptian rulers called pharaohs created a strong central government. • Pyramids and Sphinx were built at Giza. • Tomb for pharaohs and royalty.
Old Kingdom of Egypt • Millions of limestone blocks were used. • weighed about 2 ½ tons each. • Were begun when the Pharaoh took the throne. • Egyptians believed in an afterlife and preserved bodies of rules (mummification). VIDEO
Middle Kingdom of Egypt • Turbulent time of power struggles, drought, and crop failures. • Many different groups tried to overthrow Egypt. • Finally new leaders arose and drove out invaders.
New Kingdom of Egypt • Age of Empire • Pharaohs began to conquer other lands – Ethiopia, Palestine, and Syria. • Hatshepsut was a female pharaoh who widened Egyptian dominance through trade. • The most powerful leader was Ramses II who spread Egypt to its greatest size. • Often boasted his victories on monuments.
New Kingdom of Egypt During the New Kingdom, a caste system developed – where each person had a fixed place in society 525 BCE Egypt fell to Persia and was not free again until 1936!
Egyptian Religion • Believed in many gods – polytheistic • 2 main gods • Amon Ra – sun god and lord of universe (Pharaohs received their right to rule from Amon Ra), • Osiris – god of underworld who made it possible to go to afterlife • Egypt did experiment with monotheism, but remained a polytheistic people.
Egyptian Government • Ruled by a Pharaoh – seen as a god and religious leader • Ruled by theocracy • Religious leader=political leader
Hebrew Map • Red Sea • Nile River • Mount Sinai • Babylon • Jerusalem • city of Ur • Region of Canaan Intro Video
Religion of Ancient Civilizations • Religion was a major part of life in all early civilizations • Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations • Belief in many gods • Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews • Belief in one God. Example of Religion in early civilization?
Hebrews • The religion of Judaism began with Abraham. His descendants were the Israelites (Hebrews or Jews). What does descendants mean?
Hebrews They were enslaved by Egypt until Moses led them out of captivity. Eventually established their home of Jerusalem in Israel. After King Solomon died in 900BCE, the kingdom split into Israel in the North and Judah to the South. Family Guy – If imDyin’ ImLyin’
Hebrews In 722 BCE, Israel fell to the Assyrians. Judah fell to the Babylonians in 586BCE and the Jews were enslaved – Babylonian Captivity.
Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism • Belief in one God (monotheism). • The monotheism of Abraham became the foundations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – religions that changed the world • Hebrews were the first to become monotheistic.
Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism • Covenant – agreement between God and Israelites. • “I am your God, you are my people.” • Torah, which contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews. (video) • Is the sacred book of Judaism. • Also the first 5 books of Old Testament in the Bible.
Gods Covenant with the Jewish People You shall be the father of a multitude of nations. I will make nations of you, and kings shall come forth from you. And I will establish my covenant between me and you and your descendants after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and your descendants after you. And I will give to you, and your descendants after you, all the land of Canaan. What are the two promises declared by God to the Jewish people?
Ten Commandments, which state moral and religious conduct. What does moral mean? Video
Spread of Judaism • Judaism spread through the exile and captivity of Jews • Diaspora – the scattering of Jews during the Babylonian captivity and Roman Empire and thereafter helped spread the ideas of Judaism. What does exile mean?
Judaism Review • Monotheism or Polytheism? • Which two other religions would Judaism influence? • Why is diaspora important? • Sacred book of Judaism? • Main laws of the Hebrews?
Persian’s Objective Describe how the Persians established a huge empire
Persians (intro video) • The Persians conquered the Babylonians and the rest of Mesopotamia in 539 BCE • Freed the Jews from Babylonian Captivity. • Cyrus the Great and his successors created the largest empire of that time. • respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered including the Jews Persian Video
Persians • Under the rule of Darius, the people of the Persian Empire were united. • divided the empire into areas called a satrap. • Each satrap had to pay taxes to the king and had a governor to rule over it. • Set up a money economy to replace the barter economy • The world’s first money system. What are the benefits of a money economy over a barter economy?
Zoroastrianism • Religion of Persia • Belief in two opposing forces in the universe • The Persian philosopher Zoroaster helped unite the empire under a single god called Ahura Mazda. • Ahura Mazda was in constant battle with Ahriman – the prince of evil. Describe someone who is a philosopher
Zoroastrianism • Zoroaster also taught about a Judgment Day where people were judged for their actions. • Christianity and Islam adopt similar beliefs. • Today, Zoroastrianism is still practiced by tens of thousands of people, especially in India.
Contributions of Persians • Road System (Video) • About 500BCE over 1,500 miles of roads were constructed to connect the Persian Empire. • Allowed armies to mobilize • Increase in trade. (why?) • Tolerance of conquered peoples
Bureaucracy A system of government that involves different job functions and levels of authority Examples: • Business - secretary, office manger, regional manager, VP, Owner • Police Force – local, state and federal
Contributions of Persians 3. Bureaucracy • In order to manage such a large empire, Persia established a new system of rule. • Lands were divided into satrapies, or provinces, with common customs. • 31 total. • local rule was given to “governors” to rule within the Empire under the emperor.
Persian Review • Who freed the Hebrew people from Babylonian Captivity? • Who set up a money economy for the Persian Empire? • What was the religion of the Persians? • What were the beliefs of this religion? • What are some reasons the Persians were able to maintain their large empire?
Importance of Ancient Civilizations • River valleys, were the “Cradles of Civilizations.” • Early civilizations made major contributions to social, political, and economic progress.
