Economic Advance and Social Unrest

Economic Advance and Social Unrest Chapter 22

I. Introduction • Society went through many changes as a result of the Industrial Revolution • Began in mid-1700s • Led by Great Britain • Resulted in changes in social roles and household norms • Resulted in considerable changes in the economy.

I. Introduction • Population Explosion • Average 5 million increase over 20 years • Most moved to towns or cities • Resulted in overcrowding, food shortages, and unhealthy living conditions • Crime rates also skyrocketed.

II. Social Changes • The factory system and the family • Initially families worked together in the home • Factory Life • Mother and children- home • Father- factory • Could hire wife and children as assistants • Wages sometimes became higher and could send children to school • Women tended to work low skilled jobs – less pay • Women also were more willing to take low skilled jobs (and children)

II. Social Changes • Child Labor • English Act of 1833 • Children under 9 could not work • 9-13 year olds were limited to 9 hour days • Children given 2 hours of education paid by factory owner • Teens and adults worked 12 hours • Resulted later in shorter work days to have more family time • Men become breadwinners and women makers

II. Social Changes • Women • Became more tied to the home • Usually after first child • Use to be more heavily tied to textile industry • Unmarried women were favored over married • Includes widows • Would move to cities/towns and live in dormitories • Would work to try to save for their dowry

II. Social Changes • Crime and Police Force • Policed society is a result of change in society as a result of factory system • Idea to punish and reform criminals • Resulted in professional, paid, trained officers • Protect property/people, investigate crimes and arrest law breakers • Idea to be visible (not Gestapo style) to deter crime • Non-political • 1st police force- Paris and then London (1828)

II. Social Changes • Prison Reforms • Early prisons were dungeons or hulks (prison ships) • Men, women and children all in the same areas • Or New South Wales Australia • Crime not an assault on on authority/society but a result of a character flaw. • Goal to rehabilitate • Ended up being repressive (initially) • Solitary to allow time to reflect • Modeled after US

II. Social Changes • Prison reform continued… • Auburn- solitary at night but together during day • Philadelphia system- solitary • Rehabilitation usually resulted in teaching of a trade • France 1885- sent repeat offenders to Devil’s Island

III. Economic Thought • Thomas Malthus • Essay on the Principle of Population • population will eventually exceed food supply • Raising wages would just increase number of children • David Ricardo • Principles of Political Economy • Increase in pay = more children = more workers = lower wages = less children = less workers = higher wages

III. Economic Thought • Utopian Socialism • Saint-Simonianism- management of wealth by experts would relieve poverty • Property and businesses also included • Owenism- Put in correct surroundings to improve them • Humane living (dormitories for factory workers) • Reward for good work and free education for children

III. Economic Thought • Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) • German Philosopher • Lived in Brussels and Paris while exiled • Points out the despair of workers and the inevitable rebellion/revolution against capitalist • More “scientific” than predecessors • Worked with Friedrich Engels (The Conditions of the Working Class in England) to write the Communist Manifesto • Fate of Proletariat= fate of humanity

III. Economic Thought • Marx cont. • Influenced by French Socialism and Hegel (rational alone is real) • Applied classical economics • Due to inequalities and “abuse” by factory owners (class conflict) the Proletariat would rise up and rebel • Marx’s View • Capitalism leads to inequality- Inequality leads to anger/ suffering- Anger leads to class conflict- Class conflict leads

III. Economic Thought • Marx’s View • Capitalism leads to inequality- Inequality leads to anger/ suffering- Anger leads to class conflict- Class conflict leads to social upheaval- Social Upheaval leads to Socialism- And Socialism leads to Communism (AKA the Dark side) • After socialism sets in motion the cultural changes needed to instill the traits of communism.

III. Economic Thought • Marxism • Resulted in Bolshevik Revolution (Soviet Union) 1917 • Paris Commune 1871 (failed) • Chinese Revolution 1926

IV. Conclusion • Factory system created numerous changes • Political revolutions • Social changes • Increase in production

Economic Advance and Social Unrest