Cultural Legacies

1. Cultural Legacies

2. The Impact of the Renaissance • Renaissance literally means “Rebirth” • It is the “rebirth” of art, literature, and science under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries.

3. Impact of the Classical Era Classical is…… • of or relating to ancient Greek, Hellenistic or Latin (Roman) literature, art, or culture

4. Important Renaissance People • Artists • Brunelleschi • Sculptor and architect who studied classical forms • Created the Dome of Florence after studying the Roman Pantheon which is noted to have launched the Renaissance • Donatello • Sculpted the first life-size statue of a soldier on horseback since ancient times • Da Vinci • Known for his realism, he painted The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa • Michelangelo • Famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and sculpting David • Writers • Petrarch • The Father of Humanism who had the largest collection of classical texts in Europe • Machiavelli • Italian who wrote The Prince to instruct political leaders • Shakespeare • English poet and playwright who wrote tragedies and comedies in the Classical style

5. More Important Renaissance People • Scientists • Copernicus • First to formulate a complete theory of a heliocentric universe – Used Pythagoras to create calculations that led to his theory. • . Galileo • Created an astronomical telescope and observed the moons moving around Jupiter • Used telescope to prove Copernicus’s theory and the Greek Scientist Aristarchus’s theory about the earth moving around the sun • Leeuwenhoek • Used the mathematical calculations of the Greek mathmatician Euclid who hypothesized that glass could be cut into different angles to magnify - perfected the microscope and became the first human to see cells and microorganisms • Newton • Theories of motion and gravity are still central in studying physical science. Studied the work of Hellenistic Scientist Archimedes as well as used mathematical equations and theorems developed by Euclid and Pythagoras. • Doctors. • Vesalius • Wrote the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy • Harvey • The first to describe the circulation of the blood

6. Important Classical People • Philosophers • Plato • Greek philosopher and mathematician • felt all problems can be solved with math • Author of “The Republic” (best gov has wise, philosopher king) • Promoted Humanist idea of Idealism • the theory that the essential nature of reality lies in reason • Aristotle • Greek philosopher, mathematician, & scientist • First author of the scientific method • Tutored Alexander the Great • Created philosophy of the Golden Mean (moderation is best) • Taught the Humanist idea that reason is the source of the first principles of knowledge and that thought is free and universal • Mathematicians • Euclid • Hellenistic scholar from Alexandria & Athens known as The Father of Geometry • Hypothesized that glass cut in different angles would magnify differently • Pythagoras • Greek who developed the Pythagorean Theorem

7. More Important Classical People • Scientists • Archimedes • Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor and astronomer • Best known for advances in math and inventions like the Archimedes Screw • Ptolemy • Hellenistic Scientist from Alexandria • Drew some of the first maps of the world – said best map must be a globe (but didn’t construct one) • Made famous the theory that the earth moves around the sun • Doctors • Hippocrates • The Father of Modern Medicine • Author of the Hippocratic Oath (promise to help, not harm, & keep private) • Galen • Roman physician who contributed greatly to the study of anatomy, the circulatory system, and neurology.

8. Important Classical Idea: Humanism • Humanism is centered on human interests or values and stresses an individual’s dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason. • First developed in ancient Greece and Rome. • many of our legal codes go back to Rome and many scientific and technical terms and ideas back to ancient Greece. • Individual worth came from the individual's capacity to reason, which could shape character and life according to rational standards

9. Important Things/Ideasfrom the Renaissance • Humanism • wanted to create a community able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity so they could participate in the civic life of their communities and influence others to do good things. • stressed the dignity of people and shifted emphasis from studying God and theology to studying people and engaging in reasoning. • The focus on the individual and on the value of humans is reflected in their art and writing. • Art • reflects ideas of humanism • Realism • tragedy/comedy • Dramatic forms   • Philosophies • attempt the impossible • question status quo • Copernican Theory/heliocentric universe • The earth moves around the sun • Scientific Method/Scientific Revolution • The most significant scientific development of all time

10. The Impact of the Enlightenment • a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.

11. Important Enlightenment People • Philosophers • Thomas Aquinas (Renaissance) • Wrote a theology book based on the reason of Aristotle (Summa Theologica) • Was a proponent for blending faith and reason • Locke • The Father of Liberalism • Ideas on equality under the law, Natural Law and freedom of religion are reflected in the Declaration of Independence • Hobbes • Although a proponent of absolute monarchies, his ideas of the equality of all men and social contract theory are foundational in Western philosophical thought • Montesquieu • One of the French Philosophes, his teachings on the separation of powers are central to the development of the American political system

12. Important Enlightenment Ideas • Natural Law (Enlightenment Theory from the Age of Reason) • body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct. • Declaration of the Rights of Man (not women) and Citizen • Based on Natural Law this document was the rallying cry for the French Revolution.

13. Effects of Classical/Renaissance Ideas • Freedom • Discovery • Invention • Individualism • Human Rights • Social Mobility • Trade • Cultural Diffusion • Exploration - Globalization