Genetic Engineering

1. Genetic Engineering

2. Biotechnology- application of technology to biological science • Genetic Engineering- a new technology that humans use to alter (change) the genetic instructions (DNA)in organisms

3. Selective Breeding • Selective Breeding-process that produces domestic animals and new varieties of plants with traits that are desirable (good trait) • Example: Meat products come from animals that have been bred to reproduce offspring that contain less fat for better quality food.

4. Selective Breeding • Example: Many of the fruits and vegetables have been selectively bred to be larger, sweeter, hardier, and juicier. • Example: Selective breeding of dogs.

5. Gene Manipulation • Gene Manipulation/ Gene Splicing-DNA instructions are manipulated or intentionally changed to create new characteristics and varieties of organisms • Example: Plants produced with many beneficial (good) traits. Plants may now contain genes with the instructions to make chemicals that kill insects that feed upon them.

6. Gene Manipulation • Example: Genes of bacteria are changed to produce desired proteins such as insulin (hormone). • Plasmid- small DNA molecule that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA • Found in bacteria

7. Gene Manipulation • Method of Gene Manipulation Using Bacteria • Use enzymes to cut DNA (splice) segment/piece out of human cell. • Use enzymes to cut bacteria DNA and remove a piece of the DNA (specific gene). • Human DNA is joined to bacterial DNA = Recombinant DNA • Bacterial DNA put back into bacterial cell to produce more bacteria (asexual reproduction) that make desired products such as the hormone insulin.

8. Gene Manipulation

10. Cloning • Cloning- creating an organism that is genetically identical to the parent. • High Failure Rate- no division, incompatible, miscarriage, organ problems • Ethical issues are those that ask us to consider the potential moral (right or wrong) outcomes of cloning techniques

11. Cloning

12. Advantages • Cloning for medical purposes • Cloning for stem cells (organ cloning and transplants) • Record setting race horses • Reproducing a deceased pet • Reviving endangered species • Quality and abundant food, plants, disease-resistant cattle

13. Disadvantages • High failure rate • Problems during later development • Short life span • Kidney and brain issues

14. Application of Biotechnology (Uses) • make hormones like insulin • make enzymes for digestion

15. Genetic Engineering Practice • Scientists in Scotland have successfully produced five generations of chickens that lay eggs containing certain protein-based drugs. The scientists changed the DNA of the chickens so that two drugs, one used to treat skin cancer and the other used to treat multiple sclerosis, were present in the egg whites. Cows, sheep, and goats have already been altered to produce protein-based drugs in their milk. Chickens are considered good “drug factories” because they are inexpensive to care for, they grow fast, and their chicks inherit the special drug-producing ability. Explain why scientists altered the DNA of the chickens instead of altering a protein already present in the chickens. In your answer, be sure to:

16. • Identify the technique used to alter the DNA. Genetic Engineering/Gene Manipulation • State one reason why the scientists altered the DNA of the chickens instead of altering a protein already present in the chickens. So the chicken keep making the protein. Young offspring/Chicks will inherit this trait • State one advantage of using chickens for this procedure. Grow fast, easy care for, inexpensive • State one reason why some people might not support this method of drug production. Harming chicks/ side effects on the chicks Religious beliefs (right vs. wrong)

17. 1. The diagram below represents a genetic procedure. Which statement best describes the outcome of this procedure? • Bacterial cells will destroy defective human genetic material. • Bacterial cells may form a multicellular embryo. • The inserted human DNA will change harmful bacteria to harmless ones. • The inserted human DNA may direct the synthesis of human proteins.

18. 2. The DNA of a human cell can be cut and rearranged by using • a scalpel • electrophoresis • hormones • enzymes

19. 3. Cotton plants produce seeds that contain high-quality protein. This protein could be used as a food source except that the seeds are poisonous to humans. Recently, scientists have inserted a section of DNA into the cotton plants that makes the cotton seeds nonpoisonous. The technique for this procedure is known as • gene manipulation • cloning • reproduction • direct harvesting

20. 4. The diagram below represents the process used in 1996 to clone the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly. Which statement concerning Dolly is correct? • Gametes from sheep A and sheep B were united to produce Dolly. • The chromosome makeup of Dolly is identical to that of sheep A. • Both Dolly and sheep C have identical DNA. • Dolly contains genes from sheep B and sheep C.

21. 5. Domestic horses have a greater diversity of coat colors than that of wild horses. The process that led to a greater diversity of coat colors in domestic horses is • selective breeding • random mutation • gene alteration • natural selection

22. 6. Which set of terms correctly identifies the procedure shown in the diagram below and a substance produced by this procedure? • selective breeding—growth hormone • cloning—antibiotics • genetic engineering—insulin • replicating—glucose

23. 7. Which statement would most likely be used to describe the procedure represented in the diagram below? • Enzymes are used to assemble an insulin gene, which is then attached to bacterial DNA. • Bacterial DNA is cut from a human DNA strand and inserted into a human cell to form an insulin gene. • The insulin gene is cut out of a human DNA strand using an enzyme and inserted into bacterial DNA, resulting in a combination of different DNA segments. • A gene is deleted from bacterial DNA to produce an insulin gene, which is then inserted into human DNA.

24. References • The Living Environment Review Book (Prentice Hall Brief Review for the New York Regents Exam) • McDougal Littell Biology Textbook