The Second Industrial Revolution: Innovations and Challenges in 1800s America

1. Chapter 18 – An Industrial Nation Section Notes Video The Second Industrial Revolution Big Business Industrial Workers A New Wave of Immigration City Life Industrialization in the United States Maps Major Labor Strikes, Late 1800s Coming to America Quick Facts Factors Affecting Industrial Growth Chapter 18 Visual Summary Images Homestead Steel Mill Poor Working Conditions

2. The Second Industrial Revolution 8.12.1 8.12.9 • The Big Idea • The Second Industrial Revolution led to new sources of power and advances in transportation and communication. • Main Ideas • Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction. • Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation. • A rush of inventions changed the lives of Americans.

3. Technological advances important to Second Industrial Revolution: period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in late 1800s Bessemer process, invented mid-1850s, allowed steel to be produced quickly and cheaply Helped increase steel production from 77,000 tons in 1870 to more than 1 million tons in 1879 As steel dropped in price, so did the cost of building railroads, generating a boom in railroad construction. Growth of railroads helped country expand and prosper Main Idea 1: Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction.

4. Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into fuel called kerosene in the 1850s. Kerosene, which could be used for cooking, heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil. A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump oil from the ground was developed in 1859. Main Idea 2:Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and transportation.

5. Development of Electricity • Invention • Inventor Thomas Edison, who held more than 1,000 patents, worked to invent an electric light. • Edison and his team introduced the first practical electric lightbulb in 1879. • Spread • Edison created a power company to distribute electricity, but could not send it over long distances. • George Westinghouse built a power system that could send electricity many miles across the country.

6. New telegraph technology connected the United States with Britain by cable in 1866. Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876. Telephones were rapidly adopted, the number rising from 55,000 in 1880 to almost 1.5 million in 1900. Main Idea 3:A rush of inventions changed the lives of Americans.

7. Big Business 8.12.4 8.12.6 • The Big Idea • The growth of big business in the late 1800s led to the creation of monopolies. • Main Ideas • The rise of corporations and powerful business leaders led to the dominance of big business in the United States. • People and the government began to question the methods of big business.

8. Many entrepreneurs formed their businesses in the late 1800s as corporations: businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares. Corporate leaders were some of the most widely respected members of American society. Successful corporations rewarded not only the people who founded them, but also investors who held stock Corporations encouraged more investment in businesses because stockholders could sell stock whenever they wanted. Main Idea 1: The rise of corporations and powerful business leaders led to the dominance of big business in the United States.

9. Business Leaders • Andrew Carnegie • One of most admired businesspeople of the time • Focused on steelmaking • Used vertical integration,owning businesses involved in each step of manufacturing, to lower costs • John D. Rockefeller • Standard Oil Company was country’s largest refinery • Developed horizontal integration, owning all businesses in a field • Formed trust,grouping many companies under a single board • Leland Stanford • Made fortune selling equipment to miners • Governor of California, cofounder of Central Pacific Railroad, and founder of Stanford University

10. People and the government began to view big business as a problem in the late 1800s. Concerned about child labor, low wages, and poor working conditions Critics claimed that business leaders justified unfair business practicies through social Darwinism. Darwin’s “survival of fittest” applied to which human beings would succeed in business and in life in general Other business leaders believed that the rich should help the poor. Carnegie, Rockefeller, Stanford, and other business leaders gave away large sums of money. Main Idea 2:People and the government began to question the methods of big business.

11. Critics said many businesses earned their fortunes through unfair business practices. Used size and strength to drive smaller competitors out of business Powerful trusts sold goods and services below market value until smaller competitors went out of business, then raised prices. Some people were concerned when a trust gained a monopoly,or total ownership of a product or service. The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890 to make it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade. The act did not clearly define a trust in legal terms, so it was hard to enforce. The Antitrust Movement

12. Industrial Workers 8.12.6 • The Big Idea • Changes in the workplace led to a rise in labor unions and workers’ strikes. • Main Ideas • The desire to maximize profits and become more efficient led to poor working conditions. • Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions and pay. • Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals.

13. Several factors led to a decline in the quality of working conditions in the late 1800s. Unskilled workers replaced skilled craftspeople. These low-paid workers could easily be replaced. They brought costs down and caused production to rise. Frederick W. Taylor,an efficiency expert, published The Principles of Scientific Management in 1909. Encouraged managers to view workers as interchangeable parts Injuries increased, and conditions worsened. Workers looked for ways to bring about change. Main Idea 1:The desire to maximize profits and become more efficient led to poor working conditions.

14. Small, crowded rooms Specialization made workers tired, bored, and more likely to be injured. Managers paid less attention to working conditions. Stuffy air Unsafe workplaces Long hours Low wages No job security Poor Working Conditions

15. Main Idea 2: Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions and pay. • Knights of Labor • First national labor union, founded in 1870s • Pushed for eight-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and end to child labor • Included both skilled and unskilled workers • Terence V. Powderly became leader in 1879 and ended secrecy • American Federation of Labor • Organized individual national unions, such as mine-workers’ and steelworkers’ unions • Limited membership to skilled workers • Used collective bargaining, in which all workers acted collectively, or together, to negotiate with management

16. Main Idea 3: Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals. • Haymarket Riot • Erupted between protesters and police in Chicago • Resulted in decline of Knights of Labor • Homestead Strike • Strike occurred at Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania • Resulting fight left workers and Pinkerton guards dead • Pullman Strike • Began with workers who made Pullman train cars • Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling sleeping cars • Federal troops stopped strike

17. A New Wave of Immigration 8.12.7 • The Big Idea • A new wave of immigration in the late 1800s brought large numbers of immigrants to the United States. • Main Ideas • The late 1800s brought a wave of new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Mexico. • Some Americans opposed immigration and tried to enact restrictions against it.

18. Main Idea 1: The late 1800s brought a wave of new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Mexico. • Old Immigrants • Arrived before 1880s • Mostly from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia • Mostly Protestants, but some Catholics • Many were skilled workers who spoke English. • Settled in rural areas and became farmers • New Immigrants • Came after 1880 • From southern and eastern Europe; included Czechs, Greeks, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Russians, and Slovaks • Included Eastern Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics, and Jews • Wanted job opportunities in cities

19. Journey to America Immigrants faced a difficult journey, usually traveling in steerage: the area below the ship’s deck. New arrivals had to go to immigration processing centers run by state and local governments. Ellis Island in New York opened in 1892; millions of immigrants came through its center over the next 40 years. Officials in processing centers interviewed immigrants to determine whether to let them enter the country.

20. Many immigrants moved into neighborhoods with others from the same country. They could hear their own language, eat familiar foods, and keep their customs. Business owners often helped new arrivals by offering credit and loans. Many immigrants lived in tenements—poorly built, overcrowded apartments. Settling in Neighborhoods

21. Many immigrants were farmers in their homelands, but had to find jobs in cities in the United States. Had to take low-paying, unskilled jobs in garment or steel factories and construction Some worked long hours for little pay in small shops or mills called sweatshops. Immigrants with appropriate skills sometimes found work in a wide range of occupations. Others saved, shared, or borrowed money to open small businesses. Some Mexican immigrants worked on large commercial farms in Arizona, Texas, and California. Immigrant Workers

22. Anti-immigrant feelings grew with increases in immigration. Some unions feared immigrants would take their jobs. Americans called nativists held racial and ethnic prejudices. Thought immigrants’ poverty and presumed lack of education might harm American society Some were violent toward immigrants. Some nativists worked to pass laws limiting immigration. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. Nativists in Boston founded the Immigration Restriction League in 1894. Main Idea 2: Some Americans opposed immigration and tried to enact restrictions against it.

23. City Life 8.12.5 • The Big Idea • Cities in the United States experienced dramatic expansion in the late 1800s. • Main Ideas • New technology and ideas were developed to deal with the growth of urban areas. • The rapid growth of cities created a variety of urban problems.

24. Immigrants and native-born Americans moved to cities in the late 1800s, causing rapid urban growth. About 40 percent of Americans lived in urban areas by 1900. Some city residents were businesspeople and skilled workers; many more were poor laborers. African Americans from the South began moving to northern cities to find better economic opportunities in the 1890s. Main Idea 1: New technology and ideas were developed to deal with the growth of urban areas.

25. New Technology and Ideas • New Technology • Stronger and cheaper steel led to the construction of skyscrapers. • Mass transit was public transportation designed to move lots of people. • Elevated trains, subways, electric trolleys • Many middle-class Americans moved to suburbs outside cities. • Mass Culture • Developed forms of mass culture:leisure and cultural activities shared by many • Giant retail shops, or department stores,appeared in city centers. • World fairs • City dwellers became aware of the need for open public spaces, and parks were designed.

26. Shortage of affordable housing Overcrowded tenements Disease and health problems Caused by overcrowding and lack of sanitation Fire and crime Help from city governments was limited by lack of funds or internal corruption. Main Idea 2:The rapid growth of cities created a variety of urban problems.

27. Many private organizations stepped in to help the poor. Some individuals set up settlement houses, orneighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities. The most famous was Hull House, founded in Chicago in 1899 by reformers Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Worked for reforms such as child labor laws and the eight-hour workday Help from Private Organizations

31. Routes West

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