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Physical Features

Physical Features. "The Dark Continent". Rivers Nile, Chad,Congo,Niger. Deserts Sahara, Kalahari. Mts. Atlas- (NW), Drakensberg(SE). Rainforest –West Africa Savanna. Remember!!! Sahel&Desertification. Physical. Largest Land Mass 3X the size of US. Resources.

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Physical Features

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  1. Physical Features "The Dark Continent" RiversNile, Chad,Congo,Niger Deserts Sahara, Kalahari Mts.Atlas- (NW), Drakensberg(SE) Rainforest –West Africa Savanna Remember!!!Sahel&Desertification

  2. Physical • Largest Land Mass • 3X the size of US Resources • Petroleum,gold, copper, diamonds, cotton, coffee, peanuts, lumber

  3. Kush, Axum, Ghana, Mali, Songhai • Ruled by Pharaohs & kings • Established trade routes ( Med. Sea, Red Sea, etc.) • Trade of Gold and Salt

  4. Egypt • 3100 B.C.-56 B.C. • Nile River Valley • Hieroglyphics, Mummification, Pyramids, Temples, Mathematics

  5. Kush Kush • First African Civilization after Egypt • 1700-1500 B.C. • Major Trading center of Gold • Polytheistic, shared Egyptian Gods

  6. Ghana • Earliest West African Civilization • “Land of Gold” • Brought Necessary salt and gold between North and South Africa

  7. Songhai • Niger River Valley in W. Africa • Fishing and Trading Civilization • Accepted Islam from the North in Mali

  8. Mali • Mansa Musa brought Islam to Mali • Timbuktu was a center of education, literature, arts • Pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324

  9. Traits & Beliefs • Matrilineal vs. Patrileneal • Ancestor worship/ lineage/ clans • 7th century Islam overcomes Christianity

  10. Government • Self-Sufficient Villages • Tribal Communities • No Central Government Religion • Animism-All living and non-living things have a spirit • Monotheistic • Ancestor Worship

  11. Impact of Age of Exploration • Slave Trade (Triangular Trade, Middle Passage) • Colombian exchange • Social upheaval,violence • Political realignments

  12. Triangular Trade • 1700’s • An exchange of raw materials, finish products, medicine, slaves among 4 continents

  13. Imperialism • After Belgium claimed the Congo sets off scramble for Africa • By 1914 only Liberia & Ethiopia remain independent

  14. Imperialism • 1600-1700’s Dutch found trading posts • Scramble for Africa • 1884 Berlin Conference European Countries met to divide up the continent of Africa • European boundaries disregarding tribal borders

  15. Imperialism Causes: • Industrialization-Need for raw materials and markets • Social Darwinism-Belief that the strongest race would survive • “White Man’s Burden”-It was the white man’s responsibility to civilize and enlighten the Africans • Missionaries-Covert people to Christianity

  16. South Africa Boer War • British defeat Boers (Dutch Farmers) • The Union of South Africa is formed as a British Commonwealth • Becomes independent in 1961 as Republic of South Africa

  17. Apartheid • Government policy of total separation of races • Began under Boers& continued after British rule • 1913 Native Land Act forbade blacks to own land outside reservations

  18. 1950 Groups Area Act- divided 13 % of land among blacks & the rest reserved for whites (17% of the population) • 1913 African National Congress formed & began fighting segregation

  19. Leaders of anti-Apartheid movement Desmond TuTu Nelson Mandela

  20. Mandela • Served about 30 yrs in prison • Mandela became the countries first black president 1994 • Fought to end apartheid

  21. Desmond Tutu Peaceful resistance Noble Peace Prize Winner 1984 • equal civil rights for all • the abolition of South Africa's passport laws • a common system of education • the cessation of forced deportation from South Africa to the so-called "homelands"

  22. End of Apartheid • International economic pressure • 1989 reform minded F.W. De Klerk frees Mandela and The ANC is legalized • In 1992 white voters abolished apartheid • 1994-first black election

  23. African Nationalism & Pan Africanism • Nationalist movements were led by educated elite (anti imperialist) • Focused on human rights & self rule • Most nations achieved independence in 1950’s & 60’s • Conflicts among neighbors made Pan Africanism difficult

  24. Negritude Movement • Movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values • Led by Leopold Senghor- the First President of Senegal • Jomo Kenyatta-Kenyan Nationalist • Kwame Nkrumah-Independence leader

  25. Africa Today • Severe Economic Problems • Government Corruption • Rely on Cash Crops and corporate investments • Non-aligned • Desertification and overuse of land

  26. Ethnic Conflicts Rwanda • 1994 Genocide of Tutsi population by the Hutus and supported by the government • More than 500,000 people died in a few months

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