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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests 1400-1800

The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests 1400-1800. Earlier Explorations. 1100’s Crusades-Islam & Spice Trade India (Moluccas-cloves) New player E urope 1271- Marco Polo -IT.-China Expansion becomes a business  European Monarchs had authority & resources to explore.

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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests 1400-1800

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  1. The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests 1400-1800

  2. Earlier Explorations • 1100’s Crusades-Islam & Spice Trade India (Moluccas-cloves) • New player Europe • 1271-Marco Polo-IT.-China • Expansion becomes a business European Monarchs had authority & resources to explore

  3. Admiral Zheng He • Asia/India/Africa-Floating cities! 1371-1435

  4. Zheng He’s Voyages

  5. Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

  6. ***Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediarie (middlemen) to get to Asia Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples Reformation  refugees & missionaries/spread the word of God Gold-New Resources & Revenue God-Christianize Glory-Fame & fortune for their country

  7. New Weapons Technology

  8. New Maritime Technologies Rough Maps [Portulan] Astrolabe (lat.)(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant (angle-Horizon)

  9. Prince Henry, the Navigator • 1419-School for Navigation,

  10. Museum of Navigationin Lisbon

  11. Portuguese Maritime Empire • 1. Exploring north/west coast of Africa • 2. 1487-Bartolommeo Dias (Cape of Storms) • 3. 1498- Vasco Da Gama reached port of Calcutta, India! • 4. Cabral-Brazil-Asia/India Spice Is-Indonesia

  12. Christoforo Colombo [1451-1506]-Italian

  13. Columbus’ Four Voyages-1492

  14. Other Voyages of Exploration

  15. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c-potuguese

  16. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

  17. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez/conquistador Montezuma II

  18. The Death of Montezuma II

  19. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

  20. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

  21. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

  22. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

  23. The “Columbian Exchange”

  24. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization 1. Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries 5. OfficialEuropeanColony! PermanentSettlers

  25. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

  26. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

  27. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans (slave from Slav) • Sugar cane & sugar plantations • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518 • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

  28. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

  29. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

  30. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

  31. European Empires in the Americas

  32. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

  33. Spanish Empire in the New World • Encomienda -natives used as forced labor • Council of the Indies • Viceroy • New Spain and Peru • Papal agreement

  34. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

  35. 1494-Treaty of TordesillasPope’s Line of Demarcation Betw. Spain & port.

  36. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542

  37. New Colonial Rivals Portugal lacked numbers & wealth to dominate trade in Indian ocean 1591-1stEnglish expedition to the Indies drove out Portg. (India becomes British colony) 1595-Dutch-Netherlands-Dutch East India Company –Kicked out Portg.-Monopolized trade -Spice Is. East Asia-(cloves)

  38. New Colonial Rivals

  39. ***Negative Impact of European Exploration ------ Native populations ravaged by disease……….ex…. Native pop. Enslaved- Native Americas …………. Slave Trade –Caused a Diaspora of African people/Middle passage/Sugar mills etc……….

  40. Impact----- Wars & power struggles betw. Europeans (for control of land in the new areas/control of & trade) ex; French Indian War between…….natives used in the wars etc….

  41. Impact of Exploration---- • Natives-Indigenous people lost culture/religion /traditions forced to adapt European ways………..ex-Maya/Incas/Aztec and the conquers….

  42. Influx of gold, and silver, into Europe created wealth+++++ New products +/_introduced across continents -“Columbian Exchange”+/-both positive and negative Positive Impact

  43. +Impact of Age of Exploration • Brought technology/created Industries-money system • Created railroads/roads/ • canals/….schools/hospitals…… • Emergence of the modern world…U.S -Reduced local warfare betw. Tribes-tribes stopped fighting…

  44. EXTENDED RESPONSES • Essay • The Age of European Exploration and conquest had both negative and positive consequences Explain the positive and negative effects of the age of ex/colonization

  45. 5. New Patterns of World Trade

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