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What is an argument?

What is an argument?. Is it a quarrel? How will your ability to argue effectively help you succeed both in class and on the job?. Argument: convincing others.

lance-kent
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What is an argument?

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  1. What is an argument? Is it a quarrel? How will your ability to argue effectively help you succeed both in class and on the job?

  2. Argument: convincing others • Argument is a process during which you explore an issue fully, considering different perspectives, assumptions, reasons, and evidence to reach your own informed position • When you argue, your try to convince your audience to accept your claims regarding an issue using evidence and relying on warrants • An argument paper, grounded on structured, logical evidence, attempts to convince the reader to accept an opinion, take some action, or do both

  3. Debatable issues • List debatable current issues • List at least three issues you have debated or read about • Cite two issues about which you changed your position after extensive debate

  4. Claims: • List claims that are • Currently established • Under debate • Clearly an opinion

  5. How do you write an argument? • Arguments don’t always involve conflicts, some simply support a previously established decision, or action (e.g. justifying a procedure); others try to establish a common ground • Certain kinds of topics just aren’t arguable • Facts (Was Obama elected President in 2009?) • questions of personal preference (Is red prettier than blue?) • Argument represents an opportunity to think things through, to gradually come to some conclusions, and, then, in stages, begin to draft your position with the support you have discovered • Successful arguments rest on a solid foundation of solid, logical support • Many arguments include emotion because it can play an important part in swaying reader opinion • Writers often make ethical appeals by projecting favorable images of themselves

  6. Argument: What is the rational appeal? Describe the emotional appeal. Explain the ethical appeal.

  7. The rational appeal • You are expected to reach your conclusions on the basis of good reasons and appropriate evidence • You use reasons as the key points to defend your position • To convince your readers, your reasons must be substantiated by evidence • What is evidence?

  8. Evidence: • Established truths • Opinions of authorities • Primary source information • Statistical findings • Personal experience • How do you evaluate evidence?

  9. What is the emotional appeal? • It can give powerful reinforcement • Emotion can win the hearts and the help of people who would otherwise passively accept logical argument but take no action • Give three examples for the use of emotion.

  10. What is the ethical appeal? • If the writer comes across as pleasant, fair-minded and decent, gaining reader support is much easier • The image that the writer projects is called the ethical appeal • If the writer’s tone offends the audience, by being arrogant, the reasoning will fail to penetrate • Give examples of ethical appeal

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