Research Techniques III

1. Research Techniques III Step Five: Note Taking & Footnotes vs. Bibliographies

2. Review of Steps Thus Far: • Step One: Select the Topic • Step Two: Preliminary Research in Authoritative Summaries • Step Three: Narrowing the Topic • Step Four: Building a Working Bibliography, • and Next:

3. Step Five: Note Taking Many students make the mistake of taking notes on one or more sheets of paper. Take copious notes one right after the other. When writing the paper no way to adequately organize the paper.

4. Guidelines For Using Index Cards • Use 4” X 6” index cards • Record the source and page number(s) before taking the note. • Write all notes legibly • Record only one relevant item of information on each card • Write on only one side of card

5. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself.” Typical Index Card

6. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. On this basis, the ad-(252) vocates of the moral-influence theory have contended that reconciliation is strictly God’s work.” (253) Note with Page Breaks

7. Reconciliation 1 of 2 Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. On this basis, the ad-(252) vocates of the moral-influence theory have contended that reconciliation is strictly God’s work.” (253) Continuing Notes on Cards

8. Reconciliation 2 of 2 Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 “To answer, we need to note, first, that when the Bible entreats someone to be reconciled to another, the hostility does not necessarily lie with the person who is being addressed.” (253) Continuing Notes

9. Guidelines When Taking Notes • Never take notes indiscriminately – be selective (targeted) in your note taking • Record only what is new or stated in an unusual way (the heart of the matter) • It is usually during the note-taking process that the thesis becomes solidified and a tentative outline for the paper develops.

10. Four Types of Notes • Rough Summary • Paraphrase • Précis • Direct Quotation

11. A Word about Plagiarism • Intellectual Honesty (Vyhmeister, pp. 60-1) • At ORU, three things can happen if you are caught plagiarizing: • Fail the Assignment • Fail the Course • Dismissed from the University, Therefore: Give credit where credit is due; Cite all sources used for any thought or concept that is not yours & when in doubt – Cite the Source

12. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 Christ’s death brings end to the alienation between God and man. Because of Christ, humanity is reconciled to God. Reconciliation is initiated from God’s side. Rough Summary

13. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 Christ’s death ends the alienation that had existed between God and humanity. The Scriptures teach that by His death, Christ has made it possible for humanity to be “reconciled to God.” God Himself took an “active role” in the process of reconciliation. Paraphrase

14. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 Christ’s death ends enmity, estrangement, and hostility since God actively and solely reconciled humankind to Himself. Précis (Thesis Statement)

15. Reconciliation 1 of 2 Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. On this basis, the ad-(252) vocates of the moral-influence theory have contended that reconciliation is strictly God’s work.” (253) Direct Quotation

16. Direct Quotations should only be used when: • Exact wording cannot be improved • Point needs substantiation by an authority • Comparing/Contrasting two views • Specific statement is being analyzed • Exactitude is required – stating formula, law, or edict

17. Evaluating Sources during note-taking process: • Relevance to topic (Thesis Statement) • Type of Source: Primary or Secondary • The author’s perspective • The author’s credentials • Readability of the source

18. Vertical Files Dissertations Original Autographs Media Sources Internet Original Research Other Sources

19. Vertical Files • Pamphlets • Tracts • Letters • News Releases • Flyers

20. Dissertations • Dissertation Abstracts International (Abstracts) • Statement of problem/issue researched • Description of research method • Summary of findings/significance • Summary of conclusion reached • WorldCatDissertations, Database under World Cat on ORU Library homepage

21. Original Autographs • Private Archives • Institutional Collections • Private Homes • Includes such items as: • Letters • Notes • Diaries • Manuscripts

22. Media Sources • Tape Recordings (Professional & Amateur) • Sources: • Documentaries (PBS, NOVA, History Channel, etc.) • Newscasts, Newspapers • Debates • Motion Pictures

23. Internet • Care should be taken when taking material from the Internet • Search the Web with a reputable search engine (Google.com, Yahoo.com, AltaVista.com, etc.) & reputable Databases (WorldCat, Christian Classics Ethereal Library—CCEL) • Evaluate sources per Vyhmeister, pp.25-6 (Purpose of site, Sponsor?, Date/Updated?, Credentials of author, Data available elsewhere?, Academic valuation of site?) • Care must be made in documentation (Vyhmeister, pp.26-8)

24. Original Research • Letters • Interviews • Surveys

25. Footnotes versus Bibliography • Both have slightly different formats for citations (See Vyhmeister, chaps. 6, 9 &10, Turabian, chaps. 15-17 & R/W Manual, pp. 55-67) • Footnote format is more abbreviated & more specific • However, both document or cite the source of the original thought or concept used in your Paper

26. Footnotes vs. Bibliography (cont.) • Footnotes appear within the body of the Paper, at the bottom of the page, underneath a partial underline, & include the exact page(s) used, If in doubt – Footnote • For example: __________________________ ⁿNancy Jean Vyhmeister, Quality Research Papers: For Students of Religion and Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2001), 45-6. • Bibliography appears at the end of the Paper as a separate listing (in alphabetical order) of all the sources used in the Paper & includes the full length citations of the Sources used, e.g.: BIBLIOGRAPHY Vyhmeister, Nancy Jean. Quality Research Papers: For Students of Religion and Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2001. (REMEMBER: ONLY CITE SOURCES THAT YOU ACTUALLY USED IN YOUR PAPER!)