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STATUS AND SCOPE OF PARABOLIC DISH SOLAR COLLECTORS

STATUS AND SCOPE OF PARABOLIC DISH SOLAR COLLECTORS. VANITA N. THAKKAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, BABARIA INSTITUTE OF TECHOLOGY, VARNAMA, VADODARA AND MEMBER, GOVERNING COUNCIL, SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY OF INDIA . contents. Introduction.

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STATUS AND SCOPE OF PARABOLIC DISH SOLAR COLLECTORS

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  1. STATUS AND SCOPE OF PARABOLIC DISH SOLAR COLLECTORS VANITA N. THAKKAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, BABARIA INSTITUTE OF TECHOLOGY, VARNAMA, VADODARA AND MEMBER, GOVERNING COUNCIL, SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY OF INDIA

  2. contents ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  3. Introduction • About 5,000 trillion kWh per year : solar energy incident over India’s land area, • An average 5-7 kWh/m2/day:Available in most parts of India. • By 2030, India’s population will surpass that of China. • By 2050, India will consume 1/3rd of the total global energy demand [5]. • Focus on Solar Thermal Applications due to : • abundant solar radiation, • clean character of solar energy, • high cost of fossil fuels, • negative emission consequences ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  4. CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER (CSP): Solar concentrator is a device that allows the collection of sunlight from a large area and focusing it on a smaller receiver or exit [18]. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  5. TYPES OF SOLAR CONCENTRATORS In past four decades : lot of developments in designs of the solar concentrators – for thermal as well as PV applications. Classification of Solar Concentrators based on optical principles [18]: ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR CONCENTRATORS ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  7. PARABOLIC DISH SOLAR CONCENTRATORS • Parabolic Dish Solar Concentrators (PDSCs) : high conversion efficienciesand operating temperatures – around 750oC at annual efficiency of 23%-29% peak. • Research is on : some prototypes tested world-wide. • High investment costs, almost twice as those for parabolic troughs. • PDSC industries and initiatives are mostly confined to the US and Europe. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  8. PARABOLIC DISH SOLAR CONCENTRATORS (contd.) • High potential for using PDSCs in various industries, in India, encourages research and need of development. • PDSCs for process heat requirements of community, industrial and commercial establishments like Process heating, Cooling, Community Cooking, Laundry Applications, etc. is an emerging and exciting opportunity in India. • THIS PRESENTATION TRACES DEVELOPMENT OF PDSC TECHNOLOGY AND EXPLORES SCOPE OF WORK IN THE FIELD, WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON INDIA. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  9. REVIEW OF CSP TECHNOLOGY Most fuel consumption in : GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY. Most research on CSP : use in generation of electricity such as, • Results of development testing of various solar thermal parabolic dish concentrators, mostly designed for generating low cost electricity, using dish-mounted Rankine, Brayton or Stirling cycle engines. Tests provide important operating information for developing concentrators with improved performance and reduced maintenance [30 - Leonard D. Jaffe, Test results on parabolic dish concentrators for solar thermal power systems,Solar Energy, Volume 42, Issue 2, 1989, pp – 173–187]. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  10. REVIEW OF CSP TECHNOLOGY (contd.) • Innovation in CSP technologies over the last decade [31 – David Barley, RuxendraVidu, Pieter Stroeve, Innovation in concentrated solar power, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 95, Issue 10, October 2011, pp – 2703–272], such as, • Improvements in reflector and collector design • materials, • heat absorption and transport • power production • thermal storage • Many applications to be integrated with CSP regimes to conserve (and sometimes produce) electricity suggested and implemented, giving environmental benefits by limited fossil fuel usage – details in references [1-54]. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  11. REVIEW OF CSP TECHNOLOGY (contd.) • A thesis : Stirling Dish System Performance Prediction Model – energy prediction model created using TRNSYS for solar Stirling dish systems for prediction of location dependent long term performance [16]. • analyzes performance of parabolic mirror, receiver, Stirling engine, and parasitic power consumption to predict the net power produced, • includes location dependent propertiesaffecting performance : • direct normal insolation, • ambient temperature, • density of air (altitude), • sun elevation angle, • wind speed. • Numerous projects implemented world-wide by research centres, universities and companies to investigate and analyze reliability and performance of CSP : some shown in table below [18]. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  12. (CONTD.) ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  13. CSP IN INDIA : REVIEW (CONTD.) • India – Dish Technology for generating electricity : yet to get established. • Pioneering work – use of Scheffler Dish for SOLAR COOKING : introduced two decades back by Shree Deepak Gadhia – Gadhia Solar, Valsad, Gujarat for community cooking. Shortcomings overcome : • of box type solar cooker overcome : could only boil and roast the food • mini concentrating dish type solar cookers : cumbersome outdoor usage. • Successfully used for other applications like desalination, food processing, etc. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  14. CSP IN INDIA : REVIEW (CONTD.) ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  15. CSP IN INDIA : REVIEW (CONTD.) ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  16. CSP IN INDIA : REVIEW (CONTD.) • Several Solar steam cooking systems of different sizes to cook for from 500 to 40,000 people, for different user groups like, Temples, Ashrams, Army Camps, Hospitals, Canteens, Hostels etc. [46] • Parabolic collectors using thermic fluid as working medium for cooking : developed and successfully working at Muni Seva Ashram, Goraj, Gujarat to overcome the limitations of steam as working medium – better thermal storage, transfer and control [47]. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  17. CSP IN INDIA : REVIEW (CONTD.) ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  18. CSP IN INDIA : REVIEW (CONTD.) ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  19. CSP IN INDIA : REVIEW (CONTD.) ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR SOLAR COOKING - THERMIC FLUID (FROM SPDC) IN JACKETED VESSELS FOR COOKING - BOILING-STEAMING AT GORAJ CANTEEN

  20. CSP IN INDIA : REVIEW (CONTD.) ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR PAN FOR COOKING - HEATED BY THERMIC FLUID (FROM SPDC) COIL BELOW ITS SURFACE

  21. CSP IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY : REVIEW (CONTD.) • MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY :one third of total energy use worldwide. • In energy intensive sectors : ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemicals and petrochemicals, non-metallic mineral materials, and pulp and paper, etc. – energy costs -> major part of total production costs. • Industrial production : projected increase -> factor of four between now and 2050. • RE : used in power generation and for residential applications, limited use in industry. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  22. CSP IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY : REVIEW (CONTD.) • Biomass : most significant RE contribution to industry (8% - 2007). • RE in industrial applications : to be used upto 21% of all final energy use by 2050. • Feedstock in manufacturing industry in 2050 to be of renewable origin, major contributions from Biomass feedstock. • Process energy, process heat from solar thermal installations and heat pumps [42]. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  23. Sector-wise Energy Consumption Patterns in the industry – World-wide ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR Regional and Sectoral breakdown of Biomass potential for process heat in industry in 2050, excluding interregional trade, UNIDO Analysis [35].

  24. CSP IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN INDIA : REVIEW (CONTD.) • India : 100 Million Tons oil per year. • Industrial Process Heat (IPH) applications up to 250°C : 15 to 20% of this. • Only 25 to 30% saving by Solar Concentrators, can reduce import of 4.5 million tons oil per year : ≈ 6% of our oil imports [45]. • Industrial Sectors Promising for Commercialization of Solar Energy in India shown in Table: • Identified on : • Grade of heat required (high/low), • Growth prospects of the sector and • Ongoing interventions byweighted parametric studies [44]: ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  25. (CONTD.) • Some other References : • Prototype design of solar parabolic dish collector with truncated cone shaped helical coiled receiver made up of copper, coated with nickel chrome at focal point. • Instantaneous efficiency of 63.9% • Can be used for heating boiler feed water, laundry applications and other steam generation applications [48]. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  26. (CONTD.) Development of ARUN brand of SCS for pasteurization of milk at Mahanand Dairy in Latur, Maharashtra [49]. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  27. (CONTD.) • A parabolicdishcollector developed from low cost technology and tested outdoors[50]. • Absorber, made of aluminum alloys and coated with black paint. • Calculated overall heat transfer co-efficient : varies from 130 to 180 W/m2 K for actual climate conditions at Tiruchirappalli, India. • Thermal efficiency of collector = 60% • Cost = half the cost of a collector available in market with same specifications. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  28. THE MEGAWATT SYSTEM : • Megawatt a Delhi-based Co., has developed indigenous parabolic dish type collector of 90m2 area. Prototype : built and being tested at Solar Energy Center of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). • Proposed field testing under R & D support of MNRE for industrial heating applications. • Specifications of a typical Parabolic Solar Concentrator – in the Table. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  29. TESTING OF PDSC: Very little has been done on testing of PDSCs • Testing of SK-14 and PRINCE-15 SCs : comparing performances of two different geometries in actual working conditions [51]. • Testing Proposal for Paraboloidal solar concentrators by Mullick et al (1991) [52]. Two parameters – • optical efficiency factor (F’ηo) – gives theoretical upper limit of the overall efficiency of concentrator • the heat loss factor (F’UL). • Improvement in this procedure : as worked out by Paul A. Funk. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  30. TESTING OF PDSC :(CONTD.) • Paul A. Funk defined two figures of merits : F1 (No-Load Condition) and F2 (Load Condition) as operating parameters [53, 54]. Total Solar Radiation (W/m2) Time, s ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR Beam Radiation (W/m2) Start temperature of water °C End temperature of water °C Efficiency with beam radiation %

  31. CONCLUSION • Solar Energy Technology has an important role to play in the present Energy and Environment crises. • Solar Concentrator Technology has good potential for various applications. • Parabolic Solar Dish Concentrators can be very useful in Industrial Process Heat applications, which use about 20% of total oil consumption in India. • If only 25 to 30% of this can be saved by putting up Solar Concentrators, it will save import of 4.5 MT oil per year, which is about 6% of our oil imports. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  32. CONCLUSION (CONTD.) • Scope of Research and Development is ample in this area, owing to the fact that very little work has been done on it. • Most of it has been done in the US and Europe. • With the help of indigenous developments in such fields, India can step forward towards self-reliance in Energy Sector. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  33. REFEFENCES • Historical Perspectives of Energy Consumption, downloadable from : http--www_wou_edu-las-physci-GS361-graphics-Production_vs_consumption_jpg.html. • The Need Project, Manassas, VA 20108 (USA) (2008), Intermediate Energy Infobook, 44-48, 1-800-875-5029. • The Energy and Resources Institute, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003 (2006), Liquid Biofuels for Transportation : India country study on potential and implications for sustainable agriculture and energy. TERI. • Overall : World Energy Consumption (MTOE), Source : CMIE, April 2001, downloadable from : www.natcomindia.org/energy2.htm. • M. P. Ram Mohan, Linoj Kumar (2005) (TERI, India), Biofuels : The Key to India’s Sustainable Energy Needs, RISO International Energy Conference 2005, May 22-25, 2005, Denmark. • Mathew R. Delvin (2008), Investigation of an alpha-parabolic solar concentrator dish,Thesis submitted for Master of Science (Engineering) at Lehigh University. • R. Winston, J.C. Minano and P. Benitez (2005), Nonimaging Optics, Elsevier Academic Press, pp. 1-217. • D. Abbott (2009), Keeping the Energy Debate Clean : How Do We Supply the World’s Energy Needs?, Proceedings of the IEEE, 98(1): 42-66. • Q. Liu, G. Yu, and J.J. Liu (2009), Solar Radiation as Large-Scale Resource for Energy-Short World, Energy & Environment, 20(3): 319-329. • N.J. Ekins-Daukes (2009), Solar Energy for Heat and Electricity: The Potential for Mitigating Climate Change, Briefing Paper No 1: 1-12. • REN21 Renewables 2007 Global Status Report, Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), 2007, downloadable from : http://www.ren21.net/pdf/RE2007_Slides.pdf. • F. Jiang and A. Wong (2005), Study on the Performance of Different Types of PV Modules in Singapore, Proceedings of International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2005), Singapore. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  34. REFEFENCES (CONTD.) • F. KamelAbdalla and P. Wilson (2002), Cost of kWh Produced and Payback Time of a PV-Solar-Thermal-Combined Rooftop Collector at Different Locations in New Zealand, EEA Annual Conference & Trade Exhibition 2002: Meeting the Challenges of Growth, Christchurch, New Zealand. • W. Guter, J. Schöne, S.P. Philipps, M. Steiner, G. Siefer, A. Wekkeli, E. Welser, E. Oliva, A.W. Bett, and Frank Dimroth (2009), Current-Matched Triple-Junction Solar Cell Reaching 41.1%Conversion Efficiency Under Concentrated Sunlight, Applied Physics Letter, 94, 22, 2009. • R.M, Swanson (2000), The Promise of Concentrators, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 8: 93-111. • Paul R. Fraser (2008), Stirling Dish System Performance Prediction Model, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Mechanical Engineering) at University of Wisconsin-Madison. • Mancini, Thomas, et al., Dish-Stirling Systems: An Overview of Development and Status., Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125 (May 2003), pp-135-151. • F. Muhammad-Sukki, R. Ramirez-Iniguez, S.G. McMeekin, B.G. Stewart & B. Clive, Solar Concentrators,International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (1): Issue (1). • C.F. Chen, C.H. Lin, H.T.Jan & Y.L. Yang (2009), Design of a Solar Concentrator Combining Paraboloidal and Hyperbolic Mirrors Using Ray Tracing Method, Optics Communication, 282:360-366, 2009. • G. Sala, D. Pachón and I. Antón (2000), Book 1: Classification of PV Concentrators, Test, Rating, and Specification of PV Concentrator Components and Systems, C – Rating Project, (2000). downloadable at: http://www.ies-def.upm.es/ies/CRATING/crating.htm. • SolarEmpower Ltd. Downloadable at : http://www.solarempower.com. • J.C. Miñano and P. Benítez (2008), High Concentration Photovoltaics: Potentials and Challenges, Webinar in Photovoltaic Concentration, USA, 2008. • A. R. Mahoney, J.E. Cannon and J.R. Woodworth (1993), Accelerated UV-aging of Acrylic Materials used in PV Concentrator Systems, Proceedings in the 2 3rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, 1993. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  35. REFEFENCES (CONTD.) • A. Terao, W.P. Mulligan, S.G. Daroczi, O.C. Pujol, P.J. Verlinden and R.M. Swanson (2000), A Mirror-Less Design for Micro-Concentrator Module, Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anchorage, Alaska. 2000. • A.J. Chatten, K.W.J. Barnham, B.F. Buxton, N.J. Ekins-Daukes3 and M. A. Malik (2003), Quantum Dot Solar Concentrator, Proceedings of Symposium on the Efficient Use of Solar Radiation in Photovoltaics Power Engineering, St. Petersburg, USA, 2003. • J.A. Manrique (1984), A Compound Parabolic Concentrator, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 11: 267-273, 1984. • T. Nordmann and L.Clavadetscher (2003), Understanding Temperature Effects on PV System Performance, Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003. • V.B. Omubo-Pepple, C. Israel-Cookey and G.I. Alaminokuma (2009), Effects of Temperature, Solar Flux and Relative Humidity on the Efficient Conversion of Solar Energy to Electricity, European Journal of Scientific Research, 35(2): 173-180, 2009. • W.B. Stine and M. Geyer (2010), Power from the Sun, Available at http://www.powerfromthesun.net/index.htm • Leonard D. Jaffe, Test results on parabolic dish concentrators for solar thermal power systems,Solar Energy, Volume 42, Issue 2, 1989, pp – 173–187. • David Barley, RuxendraVidu, Pieter Stroeve, Innovation in concentrated solar power, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 95, Issue 10, October 2011, pp – 2703–272. • Manuel Romero, Diego Martinez, Eduardo Zarza (2004), Terrestrial Solar Power Plants : On the verge of Commercialization, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Solar Power from Space – SPS ’04. • Stine W, Diver R. B. (1994), A Compendium of Solar Dish / Sterling Technology, Report SAND93-7026, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico. • Becker M., Meinecke W., Geyer M., Trieb F., Blanco M., Romero M., Ferriere A. (2002), Solar Thermal Power Plants, Libro. The Future of Renewable Energy 2 : Prospects and Directions, Eurec. Agency, Pub. James & James Science Publishers Ltd., London, UK, pp – 115-137, ISBN: 1-902916-31-X. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  36. REFEFENCES (CONTD.) • Teagan, Peter W. Review (2001), Status of Markets for Solar Thermal Power Systems, downloadable from : http://www.energylan.sandia.gov/sunlab/pdfs/adlitt1.pdf. • Hsieh J.S. (1986), Solar Energy Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. • Garg H.P. and Prakash J. (2000), Solar Energy, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. • Ibrahim Ladan Mohammed, Design and Development of a Parabolic Dish Solar Water Heater, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 2, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2012, pp. 822-830 • S.M. Jeter, Maximum conversion efficiency for the utilization of direct solar radiation, Sol. Energy 26 (1981) , pp – 231-236. • W.T.T. Dayanga and K.A.I.L.W. Gamalath, Thermodynamic investigation of solar energy conversion into work, Sri Lanka Journal of Physics, Vol. 9 (2008), pp – 47-60 • Energy and Civilization : Patterns of consumption, downloadable from : www2.ic.edu/beal/eschapter9pp.ppt. • United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Renewable Energy in Industrial Applications : An assessment of the 2050 potential, downloadable from : http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Energy_and_Climate_Change/Energy_Efficiency/Renewables_%20Industrial_%20Applications.pdf. • Binay Kumar Ray and B. Sudhakara Reddy (2008), Understanding industrial energy use: Physical energy intensity changes in Indian manufacturing sector, downloadable from : www.eaber.org/sites/default/files/documents/IGIDR_Ray_2008.pdf. • PricewaterhouseCoopers P Limited, India for Deutsche GesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (2011), Identification of Industrial Sectors Promising for Commercialisation of Solar Energy, downloadable from : http://www.giz.de/Themen/de/SID-172ACBDB-8E15AA1F/dokumente/giz2011-commercialisation-solar-energy-india-en.pdf. ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  37. REFEFENCES (CONTD.) • Dr. Shireesh B. Kedare, Solar Thermal Applications for Industrial Process Heat (IPH), downloadable from : www.ese.iitb.ac.in/events/other/concentrator_workshop/profile.PDF. • Deepak Gadhia, Parabolic Solar Concentrators for Cooking and Food Processing, International Solar Food Processing Conference 2009. • Briefing given at : http://www.greenashram.org/solarenergy. • AtulSagade, NilkanthShinde, Performance evaluation of parabolic dish type solar collector for industrial heating application, International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy, 2012 Vol.8, No.1, pp.80 – 93. • Details available from : www.clique.in/ARUN PROFILE.pdf • M. Eswaramoorthy; S. Shanmugam, The Thermal Performance of a Low Cost Solar Parabolic Dish Collector for Process Heat, Energy Sources: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects   Vol.: 34,  No.: 18,  July, 10 2012, pp – 1731-1736. • Ajay Chandak, Sunil K. Somani, PatilMilindSuryaji, Comparative Analysis of SK-14 and PRINCE-15 Solar Concentrators, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011 Vol III WCE 2011, July 6 - 8, 2011, London, U.K. pp – 1949-1951. • Mullick S.C., Kandpal T.C. and Subhod Kumar (1991), Thermal test procedure for a paraboloid concentrator solar cooker, Solar energy, 46 (1991), pp – 139-144. • Paul A. Funk: Evaluating the international standard procedure for testing solar cookers and reporting performance.: Pergamon PI I : S0038 – 092X(99)00059 – 6, Solar Energy Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 1–7, 2000, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. • Subodh Kumar : Estimation of design parameters for thermal performance evaluation of box-type solar cooker : Renewable Energy 30 (2005) 1117–1126 ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

  38. THANK YOU !! • VANITA N. THAKKAR • vanitaa.thakkar@gmail.com ICORE-2013 VANITA N. THAKKAR

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