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BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY. Breeding?. Application of genetics principles for improvement “Accelerated” and “targeted evolution” An evolution by artificial selection Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents

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BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

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  1. BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

  2. Breeding? • Application of genetics principles for improvement • “Accelerated” and “targeted evolution” • An evolution by artificial selection • Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents • Genetic improvement through crossing with desired traits and selecting progeny with improved performance and/or improved combinations of traits.  • Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes.

  3. Importance of Plant breeding? • Increases in yield are derived both from improved varieties and from improved management. • It suggests about a 50-50 of crop yield split between genetic gain and gain attributed to management. • Planting material is the most important input in agriculture • An improved cultivar is the most economic and least laborious input for crop cultivation

  4. Primary Steps in Plant Breeding • Develop a Vision • Find or Create Variability (Techniques) • Apply Selection Pressure • Evaluate and Select (Screen) • Commercialize

  5. Challenges of plant breeding early in 21th century • Human population growth • Human population is growing faster than increases in food production. Grain production increases around 0.5% a year, while human population growth is about 1.5% a year • Sustainability • Environment problems due to natural resource over exploitation • Globalization • World wide competition among the largest multinational as global business entity and national companies of agriculture input production such as seed materials • Global warming • Changing climate may change in quality and quantity of biotic and a-biotic factors.

  6. Meeting the challenges • Use all knowledge and tools that can contribute to : • overcome the challenges • Maintain long term productivity and sustainability Molecular genetics, Molecular biology, Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics Molecular physiology

  7. Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement(A Continuum) Bioinformatics Proteomics Genomics Analytical Technologies Transgenic Traits Biotech/Genetic Engineering Winter Nurseries Germplasm Improvement ( = higher yields) Computer Technologies Plot Mechanization Quantitative Genetics Statistics Pedigree Breeding Hybridization Open Pollinated Selection Time

  8. Selection breeding methods In vitro breeding methods Plant Breeding in the 21th Century Molecular breeding methods Transgenic breeding methods

  9. Conventional breeding methods • Selection • Hybridization • Mutagenesis • Polyploidy • Heterosis

  10. Selection breeding methods The oldest method for plant improvement • Mass selection • Bulk breeding method • Single-seed descent • Pedigree breeding

  11. In vitro breeding • Somaclonal variation • Haploid and double breeding • In vitro selection • Somatic Hybridization • Micro-propagation

  12. Transgenic breeding • Gene construct methods • Transformation methods • Screening methods • Evaluation methods

  13. Molecular breeding • Marker development methods • Quantitative trait loci • Marker assisted breeding methods

  14. Comparing Genetic Modification Techniques Selective Breeding Mutation breeding Transgenic breeding Level Precision Certainty Limits

  15. Commercial variety New variety Desired gene (only desired gene is followed) Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand. = (transfers) Desired gene Traditional plant breeding Commercial variety New variety Traditional donor DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once. (many genes are transferred) = X (crosses) Desired Gene Desired gene Transgenic breeding

  16. New tools in plant breeding

  17. Outline • In vitro breeding • Micropropagation methods • Protoplast isolation and fusion methods • Somaclonal variation • In vitro Screening methods • Transgenic breeding A. Gene construct methods B. Transformation methods C. Transgenic Plant • Molecular breeding • Marker development methods • Marker Assisted Selection methods • Marker Assisted Backcrossing methods

  18. "Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery." Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize Laureate

  19. Agriculture is everywhere and every timeAlready this morning agriculture has touched your life

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