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Examples of Famous Experiments What Can WE Learn from THEM ?

Examples of Famous Experiments What Can WE Learn from THEM ?. Where Did They Get Their Research Question? Zimbardo Ash Milgram. Examples – Famous Experiments. Where Did They Get Their Research Question? Ash Research on Conformity Holocaust Milgram Research on Obedience To Authority

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Examples of Famous Experiments What Can WE Learn from THEM ?

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  1. Examples of Famous Experiments What Can WE Learn from THEM? Where Did They Get Their Research Question? Zimbardo Ash Milgram

  2. Examples – Famous Experiments Where Did They Get Their Research Question? Ash Research on Conformity Holocaust Milgram Research on Obedience To Authority Holocaust Zimbardo Research on Social Roles Holocaust

  3. Examples of Famous Experiments • Zimbardo’s Experiment • Quasi Field Experiment • Examples - need for IRB • Milgram’s Experiment • Single Shot – One Shot Design • Intervention – Post Test • X-----Y • Example – need for IRB • Ash’s Experiment • Classical Design • Pre-test -----Intervention-----Post-test • Y----X-----Y

  4. Zimbardo’s Quasi Field Experiment • Independent Variable • Dependent Variable

  5. Zimbardo’s Quasi Field Experiment • Independent Variable • Social Role - Position of Power • Dependent Variable • Behavior of Participants How does a person’s social role influence their behavior toward others??

  6. ZimbardoPrisoners Dilemma Guards and Prisonners in Prison Setting Sample Technique Convenience Sample Recruited 75 volunteers Selected most stable 21 Random Assignment Divided into Guards and Prisoners (11 and 10) Data Collection Quasi or Field Experiment Put respondents in simulated prison situations Turned Guards loose for two week Observed interactions

  7. ZimbardoPrisoners Dilemma Guards and Prisoners in Prison Setting Results 1/3 Guards demanded degrading behavior 1/3 Guards were fair but tough 1/3 Guards were kind – but didn’t help with other guards Initially Prisoner rebelled Prisoners became demoralized Experiment was ended in 6 days

  8. Quasi Field Experiment Milgram’s Experiment • Independent Variable • Concept – Authority Figure’s Power • Indicator – Presence of Authority Figure • Varied proximity to authority figure • Dependent Variable • Concept – Conformity to Authority • Indicator – Whether or not they would follow authority figure’s directions to shock others

  9. These Two Experiments Are Also Famous for Another REASON Violation of Human Subjects Rights

  10. IRB – Institutional Review Board Purpose • Protect the Right of Human Subjects When Research is Being Done • Protect VULNERABLE populations • Motivation • Holocaust

  11. IRB – Institutional Review Board Purpose • Protect the Right of Human Subjects When Research is Being Done • Protect VULNERABLE populations • Motivation • Holocaust • Tuskegee Experiment

  12. IRB – Institutional Review Board • Requirements Established by Board • Possible Benefits MUST Exceed Possible Harm • For respondents • Minimize Harm

  13. IRB – Institutional Review Board • Requirements Established by Board • Cost/Benefits Analysis • Social Harm • Physical Harm • Psychological Harm

  14. Examples of HARM • Physical Harm • Tuskegee Experiment • Psychological Harm (Emotional Trauma) • Milgram Experiment • Zimbardo’s Experiment • Social Harm (Reputation/Good Name) • Release Zimbardo’s Tape??

  15. Asch’s Experiment • Example of Classical Design • Most Common Type of Experiment • Has Experimental Group • Has Control Group

  16. Classical Design • Pretest • Concept – group conformity (Y) • Indicator – whether or not subject would report right line or go along with group • Intervention • Concept – group pressure (X) • Indicator – confederates stating wrong line • Post Test • Same as Pre-test (Y again) • Used a Control Group

  17. Classical Experimental Design • Two Stage Sample • Convenience • Random Assignment into Experimental/Control • Experimental Procedure Pre-test Intervention Post-test Experimental Group Y X Y Control Group Y Y

  18. Classical Experimental Design • Type of Hypothesis • Research Question should be stated as a “difference” hypothesis • How does the experimental group differ from the control group on second measurement of Y

  19. Classical Experimental Design • Major Advantage • Can Establish causal relationship • X and Y are related • There is a difference between the experimental and control groups • There is a relationship between score on second Y and group membership • X comes before Y in TIME • The difference in Y came after the introduction of X • There is no Z variable • Random assignment – groups are alike except for exposure to X

  20. Classical Experimental Design CAUTION You have only established the impact of X on Y in a laboratory setting. You don’t know if X will have same impact on Y in the “real world”.

  21. ANOTHER Modification of Experimental Design Solomon Four Group Design Advantages Does Pre-test have impact on Post-test? IF you take the SAT a second time, will having taken the test, impact score the second time? Disadvantages Takes more Time Takes more Money

  22. Contact Information • Dr. Carol Albrecht • Assessment Specialist • Utah State Extension • 979-777-2421 • Carol.albrecht@usu.edu

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