Digestive system

1. Digestive system

2. Stomach Gastric Juice Function digests most proteins pepsin provides acidic environment for the action of pepsin hydrochloric acid mucus protects inside of stomach wall by providing an alkaline layer Structure and Function Stomach • Pouch كيس like organ located in the left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity. • Receives food from the esophagus and mixes it with gastric juicesالعصارة المعدية to form a semi fluid mass called chyme

3. Stomach Regions Structure and Function Fundus of stomach Stomach Regions Esophagus • Cardiac Regionالمنطقة الفؤادية • -region closest to the heart • Fundus • -upper rounded portion • Body • -middle portion • Pylorus المنطقة البوابية • -narrowed bottom portion that empties into the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter controls the emptying of the stomach. Cardiac region of stomach Pyloric sphincter Body of Stomach Pyloric region of stomach Rugae

4. Small Intestine Structure and Function Small Intestine Stomach • Consists of three parts: • -duodenumالاثني عشر • -jejunum • -ileumاللفائفي • Held in place by the mesentery which is a muscular membranous tissue that anchors both the small and large intestines to the abdominal wall • First site of absorption and nutrients pass from the intestinal walls and into the bloodstream through the villi Jejunum Duodenum Cecum Appendix Ileum

5. Small intestine • Functions • digestion • digest carbohydrates • amylase from pancreas • digest proteins • trypsin & chymotrypsin from pancreas • digest lipids (fats) • الصفراءbile from liver & lipase from pancreas • absorption • nutrients move into body cells by: • diffusion • active transport

6. Large Intestine Structure and Function Large Intestine • Consists of four parts: • -cecum • -colon • -sigmoid colon • -rectum المستقيم • Undigested waste may remain in the large intestine from 12 to 24 hours • A wormlike pouch (appendix) filled with lymphatic tissue extends from the cecum • Process of turning waste material into a semisolid waste (feces) begins in the cecum

7. Large Intestine Part 2 Structure and Function Transverse colon Large Intestine (cont’d) • Colon consists of three parts: • -ascending colon القولون الصاعد • -transverse colon القولون المستعرض • -descending colon القولون النازل • Sigmoid colon is an s-shaped structure that connects to the rectum • Rectum connects to the anal canal • Release of feces from the body is called defecation Ascending colon Descending colon Ileum Cecum Vermiform appendix Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal

8. Liver Structure and Function Liver Inferior vena cava • Located in the right quadrant of the abdominal cavity • Divided into right and left lobes • Converts food nutrients into usable substances • Secretes a yellowish-brown to greenish substance called bile which is stored in the gall bladder • Stores glucose in the form of glycogen • Secretes bilirubin, a bile pigment that is combined with bile and excreted into the duodenum Left lobe Right lobe الفص الابمن

9. Gallbladder Structure and Function Gallbladder Pancreas • Stores bile from the liver • Three ducts connect the liver, gallbladder, and duodenum for the flow of bile (hepatic duct,cystic duct, and common bile duct) • Releases bile when it is needed for the emulsification (breakdown) of fat • Secretes a pancreatic juice العصارة البنكرياسيةthat includes various enzymes such as amylase and lipase • Also an endocrine gland

10. Summary stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food liver produces bile - stored in gall bladder break up fats small intestines breakdown food - proteins - starch - fats absorb nutrients pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins & carbs large intestines absorb water appendix