Young Driver Focus 14 th May 2014 Dr Lisa Dorn Reader in Driver Behaviour

1. How to Profile Young Drivers And target education Young Driver Focus 14th May 2014 Dr Lisa Dorn Reader in Driver Behaviour

2. Introduction • Driving test compulsory from 1935 – 80 years later? • Research on the benefits of driver education • Driver behaviour Vs driver skills • Driver profiling • Hazard perception training

4. Driver Education and Road Safety • Methodological • No theory • Lack of evaluation studies • Small samples and no control groups • Crashes are difficult criterion measures • Unintended Consequences • Earlier driver licensing increases crash risk • Increased confidence and optimism bias • Educational Content • Short term in duration • One-size-fits-all philosophy • Focus on knowledge and skills

5. Driver Knowledge • Driver knowledge - although young drivers demonstrated a thorough awareness that speeding may lead to crashes, they did not regard speeding as risky for themselves (Falk and Montgomery, 2007) • Cranfield study of responses to Highway Code test and collisions and driving offences in the previous 6 months • Increased knowledge of road rules shows little impact (Wahlberg and Dorn, 2012)

6. Skill Vs Behaviour In-vehicle driver training Driver skill improves with practice - automation of information processing and psychomotor skill Behaviour-based approach to driver education Driver behaviour motives, habits and driving style - may become less worried about safety over time

7. Young Driver Behaviour • Drivers engage in illegal or risky driving without being involved in crashes • Young drivers characterized by thrill seeking, aggression, and over confidence which leads to risk-taking • Inexperienced drivers may not fully acknowledge the danger of impulsive decisions (e.g. mobile phone use, alcohol etc.) • Durable behavioural patterns get established

8. Self evaluation and driver education (Hatakka et al., 2002) • Angry drivers who acknowledge their anger need different interventions than those who are not aware of their problem (Deffenbacheret al., 2003) • Brief coaching intervention using personality profiles showed fewer speeding convictions compared with control group (Paavar et al, 2013 • Resilience-focused education - significant reductions in crash involvement compared with driving-focused • (Senserrick et al, 2009) Driver Behaviour Research

9. Situational Risk Age, driving experience, mileage, licence, crash history etc Driver Risk Index • Behavioural Risk Factor • Hazard Monitoring • Thrill Seeking • Fatigue Proneness • Aggression • Dislike of Driving Coping Risk Factor Emotion Focus Coping Avoidance Coping Task Focus Coping Confrontive Coping Reappraisal • Correction Factors • Impression Management • Driver Confidence

10. DriverMetrics

11. Hazard perception - only driving-specific skill associated with crash risk (Pelz and Krupat, 1974; TRRL, 1979; Quimby et al., 1986; Congdon,1999; McKenna and Horswill, 1999; Wells et al., 2008; Darby et al., 2009; Horswill et al., 2010a; Boufous et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2011). 0.5 seconds visual search at junctions (Labbett and Langham., 2006) Virtually no insight into hazard perception skill - no relationship between self-assessments and objective measures (Horswill et al., 2011, 2012) Hazard Perception and Crash Involvement

12. Effects transferred to on-road driving (Chapman et al., 2002) • Increased novice driver skills to the level of experienced drivers (Isleret al., 2009) • Improved hazard perception performance and eye-scanning patterns (Pradhan et al., 2009) • Improved visual search in a driving simulator (Petzoldt et al., 2013) and in real driving (Isler et al., 2011) • Reduced recidivism amongst offenders (Wahlberg, 2011) • Even experienced drivers benefit • (Horswill et al., 2013) Hazard Perception Training

13. Free schools programme

14. Where are we heading? • To improve driving standards we need to move away from purely skills-based driver training • Focused education based on driver behaviour profiles • Courses on interpreting profiles and driver coaching • Hazard perception training – not just testing!