15 th & 16 th century

1. 15th c.: • The Hundred Year's War (1337-1453) • The Wars of the Roses (1456 – 1489) - House of York – House of Lancaster 16th c.: Tudors (Henry VII) Henry VIII - Act of Supremacy (1534) 15th & 16th century

2. ! NOT a consequence of some military or political conquest • ! BUT a consequence of the Revival of Learning (- to imitate Latin authors) • 2 periods - Latin era – Sir Thomas More & national era – Sir Thomas Elyot and Roger Ashman INFLUENCE of Latin

3. The strongest Latin influence on the lexical level • Science terminology • Latin – model language • Baugh – 3 stylistic levels: 1. native, 2. the Norman or French, 3. Graeco-Latin

4. Other languages • Dutch, Italian, Spanish, German ...

5. 1. upbuilding of the new standard lanuage • Dialect of London • 2. spreading of the new literary standard DEVELOPMENT

6. William Caxton –The Chronicle of Troy(1475) • long series of printed English books

7. flow of words directly from Latin (maybe via French) continued - professional/technical terms (religion, medicine, law and literaure) • some words borrowed by an author in a attempt to produce a high style (some entered the language: meditation, oriental) 15th century

8. simultaneous borrowing of French and Latin words - feature of Modern English vocabulary - sets of three items (the same notions, differeing in style: kingly, royal, regal) -English word: more popular one, French: more literary, Latin: more learned

9. Great Vowel Shift (started in 15th century) - cause of differerence between sound system used in Chaucer's time and that found in Shakespeare's works - change in vowel system - all long vowels affected - changed their sound quality - Which vowel moved first? - 2 theories:push/ pull theory

11. William Caxton - published almost 80 works - in 1469, started the work on his first translationThe Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye(French account of the Trojan Wars) - in 1471 in Cologne, technique of printing - around 1474 in Bruges, The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye- first book to be printed in English

12. - in 1476, press in Westminster, local London speech as norm • - in 1477, first book to be printed in England:The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres • - beginning of Rennaisance (until approximately 1650) - influx of foreign borrowings (growth of of Middle English vocabulary)

13. Transitional texts - transition from Middle to Early Modern English : proce romance translated by Sir Thomas Malory, the Morte D'Arthur, published by Caxton; : cycles of miracle and mystery plays preserved in 15th-century manuscripts

14. Early Modern English period - beginning: 1400-50 after Chaucer and the beginning of pronunciation shift or around 1500 after the effects of the printing press (key factor) – fostering norms of spelling and punctuation

15. Written standard English 1 (15th century) - the main influence: the Central Midlands area (population shift from this area to London), -some linguistic features eventually influenced the shape of Chancery Standard - one of the factors: influence of London Chancery especially after 1430 (Chancery scribes, literary texts affected as well)

16. - standardization <- influence of conventions adopted by the Chancery scribes, • - lack of uniformity in spelling and punctuation (printed / handwritten, between printers, within the work of an individual author/printer) • - example: in Caxton's single passage > booke vsboke,axyd vs axed,...)

17. Southern literary Standard - due to development of printing --> spread of a single norm - by the end of 15th century - forerunner of Standard English

18. called Renaissance • Exploration of new countries - loan words- Latin, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese + 50 other languages • Translations of classical works- Latin and Greek words • Movement against loan words from Latin and Greek- Puritans- use of obsolete English words like sicker ( always), yblent (confused), etc. 16th century

19. Examples of renaissance borrowings: - Latin and Greek: appropriate, atmosphere, benefit, chaos, crisis, criterion, delirium, encyclopedia, exact, excursion, exist, expensive, explain, fact, lexicon, parasite, scheme, skeleton, soda, tactics, temperature, tonic, virus, etc.from or via French: anatomy, battery, chocolate, colonel, comrade, detail, duel, entrance, explore, entrance,grotesque, invite, muscle, passporte, pioneer, probability, progress, shock, ticket, tomato, vase, volunteer, etc.

20. from or via Italian: balcony, carnival, concerto, cupola, design, giraffe, lottery, opera, sonata, violin, volcanoSpanish and Portuguese: alligator, armada, banana, cannibal, canoe, cocoa, embargo, guitar, hurricane, mosquito, mulatto, negro, potato, sombrero, tabacco, etc.

21. from other languages: bamboo ( Malay), bazar , caravan, turban ( Persian), coffee, kiosk, yoghurt ( Turkish), cruise, landscape, yacht (Dutch), flannel ( Welsh), guru (Hindi), harem (Arabic), ketchup (Malay), rouble (Russian), trousers (Gaelic), etc.

22. - new- word formation: - hybrids- English part+ part of Latin or Greek origin (suffixation or prefixation): - ation (starvation) - ism ( communism) - ex ( ex- girlfriend) - anti ( antioxidant - pre (pre- Darwinian) - re (reorganize)

23. pairs of native nouns and foreign adjectives: mouth- oral, nose- nasal, eye- ocular, mind- mental, house- domestic, book- literary, moon- lunar, sun- solar, town- urban, man- human,... - native: - prefixation and suffixation: - ous (murmurous) - compounding : Frenchwoman - conversion: invite