The Power of Knowledge in Building A Strong Wyandot County Presented at Wyandot County Economic Development Conference.

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2. Outline Knowledge is King I will give an economic outlook then a strategic discussion of local economic development Today�s moral is that the best strategy is using the assets inside your community. Two community assets I will stress: Your people and your businesses. Provide the right incentives, knowledge and skills for them to thrive. Leverage your colleges and existing institutions such community organizations to create the right local environment. 2 Back in Canada! I often get asked, what can we do? What industry should be go after? I point out that this is the wrong question, you should ask, how can we make it so that all of the best industries want to come here? One answer is how can we make it good for people to live there, and the jobs will follow. Back in Canada! I often get asked, what can we do? What industry should be go after? I point out that this is the wrong question, you should ask, how can we make it so that all of the best industries want to come here? One answer is how can we make it good for people to live there, and the jobs will follow.

3. Outline: Knowledge is King Focus on attracting the right people and less on attracting (�bribing�) outside firms. �Bribing� outside firms is offering them a better deal than local businesses who don�t threaten to leave. Trying to lure outside firms with incentives and subsidies is typically ineffective. (Partridge and Olfert, 2011; Goetz et al., 2011). Make it that outside firms want to come to your great environment for people and businesses. I am not ruling out good marketing. 3 Partridge, Mark D. and M. Rose Olfert. (2011) �The Winners' Choice: Sustainable Economic Strategies for Successful 21st Century Regions.� Applied Economic Policy Perspectives. (33): 143-178. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppr006. Goetz, Stephan, Mark D. Partridge, Dan S. Rickman, and Shibalee Mujumdar. (2011) �Sharing the Gains of Local Economic Growth: Race to the Top vs. Race to the Bottom Economic Development.� Environment and Planning C. 29: 428-456. Partridge, Mark D. and M. Rose Olfert. (2011) �The Winners' Choice: Sustainable Economic Strategies for Successful 21st Century Regions.� Applied Economic Policy Perspectives. (33): 143-178. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppr006. Goetz, Stephan, Mark D. Partridge, Dan S. Rickman, and Shibalee Mujumdar. (2011) �Sharing the Gains of Local Economic Growth: Race to the Top vs. Race to the Bottom Economic Development.� Environment and Planning C. 29: 428-456.

4. 4 Partridge, Mark D. and M. Rose Olfert. (2011) �The Winners' Choice: Sustainable Economic Strategies for Successful 21st Century Regions.� Applied Economic Policy Perspectives. (33): 143-178. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppr006. Partridge, Mark D. and M. Rose Olfert. (2011) �The Winners' Choice: Sustainable Economic Strategies for Successful 21st Century Regions.� Applied Economic Policy Perspectives. (33): 143-178. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppr006.

5. Outline: Knowledge is King People worry that rural areas are doomed. However, nonfarm rural population is quite stable. Rural areas can prosper even if agriculture or manufacturing is smaller. 5

6. 6 Sources: 1) U.S. Census Bureau; Census 2000, Summary�File 3; generated using American Fact Finder; <http://factfinder.census.gov>; 2) USDA-NASS. �Trends in U. S. Agriculture.� [http://www.usda.gov/agency/nass/pubs/trends/farmpopulation.htm] Thanks to Maureen Kilkenny for the idea. Sources: 1) U.S. Census Bureau; Census 2000, Summary�File 3; generated using American Fact Finder; <http://factfinder.census.gov>; 2) USDA-NASS. �Trends in U. S. Agriculture.� [http://www.usda.gov/agency/nass/pubs/trends/farmpopulation.htm] Thanks to Maureen Kilkenny for the idea.

7. Outline: Knowledge is King With this good foundation, your community will have the best chance to thrive. SIMPLE STRATEGY! Be patient and build from within while leveraging local and regional assets. 7

8. Today�s Environment is Tough National economy and state economies are weak. Wyandot county has survived some fairly severe blows since 2003. 8

9. Manufacturing Employment Shares 9 Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics. www.bls.gov Note the yellow is 81-82 recession and the brown is today�s recession. Today�s is deeper by far in job losses. Note the light blue and stars are the long drawn out recoveries after 1990-91 and 2001 recessions. If recovery took so long for mild recessions, we can see it taking 7 to 8 years to recover from the current recession. Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics. www.bls.gov Note the yellow is 81-82 recession and the brown is today�s recession. Today�s is deeper by far in job losses. Note the light blue and stars are the long drawn out recoveries after 1990-91 and 2001 recessions. If recovery took so long for mild recessions, we can see it taking 7 to 8 years to recover from the current recession.

10. U.S. Forecast I use the NABE September Forecast. It reflects the average of 52 economists and does not have an agenda. http://www.nabe.com/publib/macsum.html NABE forecasts 1.7% GDP growth in 2011 and 2.3% in 2012 (about 1% lower than their May 2011 forecast.) A reasonable economic expansion should have > 4% growth for 2 years or so. IMF�s U.S. forecast is 1.5% and 1.8%. Also revised down by about 1% since June. 10 IMF source is at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2011/res092011a.htm IMF notes 2010 growth was 3% IMF also knocked off 1% off their US prediction from their June forecast. Advanced economies are forecasted to growth 1.6% in 2011 and 1.9% in 2012IMF source is at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2011/res092011a.htm IMF notes 2010 growth was 3% IMF also knocked off 1% off their US prediction from their June forecast. Advanced economies are forecasted to growth 1.6% in 2011 and 1.9% in 2012

11. US Forecast NABE sees a very weak labor market Monthly Nonfarm payrolls are expected to rise 124,100 per month in 2011 and 162,100 per month in 2012. At sustained monthly rate of at least 200,000+ is needed for a few years. UR rate will still be 8.5% at end of 2012 US still 1 million jobs below 2000 level. Most panelists don�t see labor market recovery to pre-recession levels until 2015 and some don�t see it until 2017. 11 For perspective, between Jan 1994 and Jan 2000, the economy averaged 254,000 per month and that was not even the faster growing recovery period.For perspective, between Jan 1994 and Jan 2000, the economy averaged 254,000 per month and that was not even the faster growing recovery period.

12. U.S. Forecast On the positive side, NABE sees Expansionary monetary policy (?) Growth in the rest of the world (?) Business investment and pent-up consumer demand (?) On the negative side: Low consumer and business confidence Uncertainty about future gov�t policies (?) I add uncertainty whether �Washington� can do anything of consequence. Tepid housing market (2013 recovery?) 12

13. U.S. Forecast Negative Factors continued: Financial headwinds caused by tight credit conditions and balance sheet restructuring High federal deficits and the European debt (Greek) crisis weigh on the world economy In this economic environment, while I do not see a recession, I have difficulties seeing how a President could be reelected. 13 Should we be planning for the policies of a Republican President?Should we be planning for the policies of a Republican President?

14. Ohio Context Ohio has added 1.6% jobs in the last year (as of August) US added 1%. Ohio Unemployment rate 9.1% in Aug 2011, 9.9% Aug 2010, and 8.6% in May 2011. 14

15. Wyandot County�s Forecast County has fared well in the face of major shocks 10 years ago. Place of work and place of resident employment data took a major fall 2003-2009. Place of resident employment growth is up about 3.5% between August 2009 and August 2011 (source, BLS.gov, Local Unemployment Data). Illustrates commuting in the region. Bear in mind, the data source is a rough estimate. 15

19. 19 http://data.bls.gov/pdq/querytool.jsp?survey=lahttp://data.bls.gov/pdq/querytool.jsp?survey=la

20. How can Wyandot County successfully compete globally? 1. Education and entrepreneurship are local forces that promote prosperity. 2. Become more resilient to shocks. Ongoing global economic sluggishness. Wyandot�s manufacturing legacy has produced wealth, but creates huge risk and variability. As manufacturing has declined in size, this reduces variability and creates opportunities. 20

21. Why the Race for Knowledge? Individual earnings significantly rise with knowledge, skills, and education. 21 Moretti, Enrico. 2004. Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-sectional Data. Journal of Econometrics 121: 175�212. Glaeser,L . Edward, andJ esseM . Shapiro( 2003)' Urban growth in the 1990s:i s city living back?' Journal of Regional Science 43, 139-65 . OECD. Education at a Glance, 2010. Paris: OECD.Moretti, Enrico. 2004. Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-sectional Data. Journal of Econometrics 121: 175�212. Glaeser,L . Edward, andJ esseM . Shapiro( 2003)' Urban growth in the 1990s:i s city living back?' Journal of Regional Science 43, 139-65 . OECD. Education at a Glance, 2010. Paris: OECD.

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23. Why the Race for Knowledge? This understates an individual�s gain to education as employment rates rise and unemployment rates fall with education. Source: OECD, 2010. September 2011 UR 25+ = College Grad: 4.2%; UR no high school completion, 14.0%, Source, U.S. BLS, September 2011 Employment Situation Report. So they are more likely to work, and among those working, they are more likely to earn more. Educated workers suffer less in downturns in terms of unemployment�more resilient. 23

24. Why the Race for Knowledge? Good for people, but what about communities? 3. There are �social� gains from greater education. People who work in areas with more education have higher earnings themselves (Source: Moretti, 2004). Knowledge spillovers. 4. Places with a more educated population grow faster in terms of jobs and people. (Source: Simon and Nardinelli, 2002; Glaeser and Shapiro, 2003) 24 Moretti, Enrico. 2004. Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-sectional Data. Journal of Econometrics 121: 175�212. Simon, Curtis J., and Clark Nardinelli. 2002. Human Capital and the Rise of American Cities, 1900�1999. Regional Science and Urban Economics 32: 59�96. Glaeser,L . Edward, andJ esseM . Shapiro( 2003)' Urbang rowthi n the 1990s:i s city living back?' Journal of Regional Science 43, 139-65 Moretti, Enrico. 2004. Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Longitudinal and Repeated Cross-sectional Data. Journal of Econometrics 121: 175�212. Simon, Curtis J., and Clark Nardinelli. 2002. Human Capital and the Rise of American Cities, 1900�1999. Regional Science and Urban Economics 32: 59�96. Glaeser,L . Edward, andJ esseM . Shapiro( 2003)' Urbang rowthi n the 1990s:i s city living back?' Journal of Regional Science 43, 139-65

25. Why the Race for Knowledge? Summary: Communities with a more educated population are richer, grow faster, have lower unemployment, and have greater resilience to withstand shocks. What about Wyandot County? Okay at the high school and Associate�s level, but not above. 25

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27. How Can Wyandot County Win the Race for Knowledge. Colleges and universities are key for rural economic development, especially community colleges because Associate Degree is underutilized. Business can count on a capable workforce. 27

28. How can Wyandot County win race for Knowledge. Ohio�s colleges and universities can be the clearing house for local rural economic development. Why�rural communities often lack the critical mass to coordinate their economic development. Community colleges already work on the regional scale that is necessary for coherent rural economic development. They unify regions. OSU Extension increasing works in regions. 28

29. How Wyandot County can win race for Knowledge? Colleges are also the institutions that create �public-private� partnerships for economic development. They can spearhead business training and provide incubators. Ohio�s colleges and universities can coordinate training workshops for local officials from teaching best practice to teaching finance and tax policy. Coordinate with OSU Extension. 29

30. How Wyandot County can win race for Knowledge? 21th Century will belong to places that use their knowledge to leverage their assets. Rural communities should be attractive to knowledge workers Quality of life, pleasant environment, sustainable development�this is good economics! Attract return migrants in their 30s after they have seen bright lights. 30 good schools implies skilled workers & attract their parents. As Ed Glaeser says, get a lot of smart people and get out of there way.good schools implies skilled workers & attract their parents. As Ed Glaeser says, get a lot of smart people and get out of there way.

31. Good Strategies--cont Business retention and expansion is better than tax incentives for outside investment. Building Entrepreneurship Small businesses and self employment are strongly associated with growth in rural regions. (Goetz and Raupasingha, 2009; Stephans and Partridge, forthcoming 2011 Growth and Change) They are an internal engine of entrepreneurship. Small businesses buy locally and they are less likely to move or outsource. Build a more diverse economy that is resilient to shocks (Partridge and Olfert, 2011). Innovation comes from small firms. 31 Small businesses create more jobs on net--Birch. Goetz, S. J., & Rupasingha, A. (2009). Determinants of growth in non-farm proprietor densities in the US, 1990�2000. Small Business Economics 32, 425�438. Partridge, Mark D., M. Rose Olfert and Alessandro Alasia. �Agglomeration or Amenities: Canadian Cities as Engines of Growth.� Canadian Journal of Economics, 40 (February 2007): 39-68. Stephens, Heather and Mark D. Partridge. (forthcoming) �Do small businesses matter for economic growth in Appalachia?� Growth and Change. Partridge, Mark D. and M. Rose Olfert. (2011) �The Winners' Choice: Sustainable Economic Strategies for Successful 21st Century Regions.� Applied Economic Policy Perspectives. (33): 143-178. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppr006. Small businesses create more jobs on net--Birch. Goetz, S. J., & Rupasingha, A. (2009). Determinants of growth in non-farm proprietor densities in the US, 1990�2000. Small Business Economics 32, 425�438. Partridge, Mark D., M. Rose Olfert and Alessandro Alasia. �Agglomeration or Amenities: Canadian Cities as Engines of Growth.� Canadian Journal of Economics, 40 (February 2007): 39-68. Stephens, Heather and Mark D. Partridge. (forthcoming) �Do small businesses matter for economic growth in Appalachia?� Growth and Change. Partridge, Mark D. and M. Rose Olfert. (2011) �The Winners' Choice: Sustainable Economic Strategies for Successful 21st Century Regions.� Applied Economic Policy Perspectives. (33): 143-178. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppr006.

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33. Good Strategies--cont Promote small business entrepreneurship by: Business, Retention, and Expansion Build networks and identifies strengths and weaknesses in a community. OSU Extension is a good source. Treat all businesses alike. Government can help build larger lending pools to reduce credit risk. If you build a good climate for investment, your own businesses will thrive and STAY! 33

34. Business Retention and Expansion Take advantage of farm entrepreneurship. Research has found a greater farm share is positively linked to nonfarm entrepreneurship. (Source: Stephens and Partridge, 2011, in print). Today, farmers are great role models 1. Tied to land�not outsourcing to China. 2. Has experience managing medium sized business and has developed entrepreneurship. 3. Understands futures markets, global markets, exchange rates, knows how to manage capital. 4. Has financial wealth to invest. 34 Stephens, Heather and Mark D. Partridge. (forthcoming) �Do small businesses matter for economic growth in Appalachia?� Growth and Change. Stephens, Heather and Mark D. Partridge. (forthcoming) �Do small businesses matter for economic growth in Appalachia?� Growth and Change.

35. Good Strategy: Leverage Regional Strength? Recognize rural-urban interdependencies In 1950, communities detached from neighbors 21st Century communities are linked in webs Growth spreads out a hundred of miles from a city as small as 30,000. Source: Partridge et al., 2007 If someone can commute, they shop, utilize health care, participate in service organizations, etc. Regions share common interests and the gains should be exploited regionally. 35 Partridge, Mark D., Ray Bollman, M. Rose Olfert and Alessandro Alasia. �Riding the Wave of Urban Growth in the Countryside: Spread, Backwash, or Stagnation,� Land Economics, 83 (May 2007, 2): 128-152. Partridge, Mark D., Ray Bollman, M. Rose Olfert and Alessandro Alasia. �Riding the Wave of Urban Growth in the Countryside: Spread, Backwash, or Stagnation,� Land Economics, 83 (May 2007, 2): 128-152.

36. 36 This table is by way of summarizing some of the relationships. As researchers in rural development, we seem to spend quite a lot of our time convincing rural and urban audiences, and especially the latter that the interdependence is mutual, that a regional approach makes sense. This table can be used to illustrate the interdependence. The shading on here was initially designed to signify demand and supply though I am not sure that is entirely applicable. But I think of the white as the demand side of both product and factor markets and the shaded as supply. So the rural population, at least within commuting distance depends on urban for employment, for private and public services, and for urban amenities. Extending out some distance form the urban centre, the rural population is on the demand side for these goods and services. From the perspective of the urban centre, they depend on the rural labour force for some of their workforce, the rural population forms part of the market for the private and public goods and services provided in the city, as well as the urban amenities. On the other hand, Urban residents have a demand for recreation in rural areas, for food safety and security, for a maintained environment, and for land for residential, industrial and commercial development beyond their current boundaries if they are to expand in an orderly way. From the rural perspective each of these can be seen as the basis for supplying recreation activities, food, environmental stewardship, and some arrangement for realizing tax revenues or proceeds from the sale of land. A full understanding of these relationships is necessary in order to elicit the kind of cooperation or joint effort that is required to realize the mutual benefits of this interdependence. Mutual benefits as well as conflicts�both call for cooperation . Ultimately governance of urban and rural areas is involved. This table is by way of summarizing some of the relationships. As researchers in rural development, we seem to spend quite a lot of our time convincing rural and urban audiences, and especially the latter that the interdependence is mutual, that a regional approach makes sense. This table can be used to illustrate the interdependence. The shading on here was initially designed to signify demand and supply though I am not sure that is entirely applicable. But I think of the white as the demand side of both product and factor markets and the shaded as supply. So the rural population, at least within commuting distance depends on urban for employment, for private and public services, and for urban amenities. Extending out some distance form the urban centre, the rural population is on the demand side for these goods and services. From the perspective of the urban centre, they depend on the rural labour force for some of their workforce, the rural population forms part of the market for the private and public goods and services provided in the city, as well as the urban amenities. On the other hand, Urban residents have a demand for recreation in rural areas, for food safety and security, for a maintained environment, and for land for residential, industrial and commercial development beyond their current boundaries if they are to expand in an orderly way. From the rural perspective each of these can be seen as the basis for supplying recreation activities, food, environmental stewardship, and some arrangement for realizing tax revenues or proceeds from the sale of land. A full understanding of these relationships is necessary in order to elicit the kind of cooperation or joint effort that is required to realize the mutual benefits of this interdependence. Mutual benefits as well as conflicts�both call for cooperation . Ultimately governance of urban and rural areas is involved.

37. Rural-Urban Shared Fates--cont Economists contend gov�t jurisdictions should reflect common interests. Economic development Tax sharing of common economic gain to share costs Environmental costs and sprawl Infrastructure is inherently regional 37

38. Example of Action Regions that realize they are linked will have a competitive advantage in the global economy. Lower taxes, better infrastructure, better public services, stronger economic development Just being a little more competitive will shift capital from around the world at the click of a mouse. Regionalism is the real sleeping giant for rural communities for sustainability. Again, a linking force is extension, colleges and universities. 38 Other countries are finding their version of improvements. Other countries are finding their version of improvements.

39. What you don�t want to do! Don�t try to pick the next hot industry. Be sure hot industries/firms want to be in your community. e.g., Seattle 1978 and Microsoft. Economists say that governments can�t pick winners but losers know how to pick governments. Don�t follow the latest fads�e.g., green jobs, innovation clusters, biotech, high-tech, alternative energy, etc etc�. Solar Energy and Wyandot County 39

40. Reality Check No Guarantees!! Not all regions will succeed! Even doing the right things is insufficient when conditions are unfavorable. Consequences of pursuing bad policies are high costs and it may prolong the �misery� because people will be less likely to adjust by finding better opportunities. 40

41. No Silver Bullet 41 Picture from http://mwidlake.wordpress.com/2011/08/05/friday-philosophy-oracle-performance-silver-bullet/Picture from http://mwidlake.wordpress.com/2011/08/05/friday-philosophy-oracle-performance-silver-bullet/

42. Future Challenges for Regions Globalization is likely to increase Good: more market opportunities successful Bad: more competition and threat of outsourcing, for which rural areas are vulnerable. Technological innovations can change a region�s competitive advantage for good and bad�by definition hard to predict. Budget realities, austerity, and prolonged global sluggishness. 42

43. Future Challenges for Regions Energy prices�the specter of high oil prices remain�costs of transportation and production would fundamentally change. Climate change will alter regional attractiveness for households and firms. Attractive climates as places to live will shift Agricultural production patterns will shift Goal is to make your community a safe haven for these emerging challenges. 43

44. Conclusions Build from within your community as the best strategy for success. Leverage your colleges as a source of educating your populace, retaining and expanding your local businesses, training entrepreneurs, and to be the focal point of regional efforts to promote growth. Leverage your broader regions to do things you can�t effectively do alone. 44

45. Conclusions Fostering local entrepreneurship is much better than hoping an outsider will �save� your community. Your community has a wealth of good business ideas, including the agriculture community. No sure plan! Future challenges are immense�but wise communities can make these manageable or turn them into opportunities. 45

46. 46 To conclude, I want to reaffirm what a pleasure it has been here today. I acknowledge that building a better, more sustainable future can seem challenging. Yet, there are opportunities and regional cooperation is high on that list. For this, I hope this presentation has stimulated you, not only for the remainder of this workshop, but also to go back and to your communities and try new innovative solutions. To conclude, I want to reaffirm what a pleasure it has been here today. I acknowledge that building a better, more sustainable future can seem challenging. Yet, there are opportunities and regional cooperation is high on that list. For this, I hope this presentation has stimulated you, not only for the remainder of this workshop, but also to go back and to your communities and try new innovative solutions.

47. 47 Appendix Slides

48. 48 Human capital and the knowledge economy trumps alternative forms of growth. �One job function that is increasingly important in the knowledge economy is creative thinking�combining knowledge and ideas in novel ways to solve problems or create new opportunities. Occupations that typically require high levels of creativity include engineers, scientists, designers, artists, and business managers. Highly creative occupations are found predominantly in metropolitan areas, but some nonmetro counties also contain a relatively high proportion of these occupations.� Source: Rural America at a Glance. Source, USDA, ERS, Rural America at a Glance, 2007 Edition. Available at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib31/eib31.htm (downloaded, Feb 20, 2008). Human capital and the knowledge economy trumps alternative forms of growth. �One job function that is increasingly important in the knowledge economy is creative thinking�combining knowledge and ideas in novel ways to solve problems or create new opportunities. Occupations that typically require high levels of creativity include engineers, scientists, designers, artists, and business managers. Highly creative occupations are found predominantly in metropolitan areas, but some nonmetro counties also contain a relatively high proportion of these occupations.� Source: Rural America at a Glance. Source, USDA, ERS, Rural America at a Glance, 2007 Edition. Available at: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib31/eib31.htm (downloaded, Feb 20, 2008).

49. 49 Darker shades of red are population growth; darker shades of blue is population loss. Describe the Prairies and Alberta fitting into broader North American population trends. Not simple NDP vs Conservatives or Dems vs Reps in U.S. That is local economies are not enough to explain huge regional patterns that extend across borders. Note the high amenities in the western U.S. (not oil) and the rapid population loss in the Great Plains. See the SE Sunbelt Coastal growth and signs of growth in the Northern Woods of MN, MI, and WI and SC Appalachia. Data note: The component counties that made up Broomfield CO, Colorado are merged for purposes of calculating population change. Darker shades of red are population growth; darker shades of blue is population loss. Describe the Prairies and Alberta fitting into broader North American population trends. Not simple NDP vs Conservatives or Dems vs Reps in U.S. That is local economies are not enough to explain huge regional patterns that extend across borders. Note the high amenities in the western U.S. (not oil) and the rapid population loss in the Great Plains. See the SE Sunbelt Coastal growth and signs of growth in the Northern Woods of MN, MI, and WI and SC Appalachia. Data note: The component counties that made up Broomfield CO, Colorado are merged for purposes of calculating population change.

50. 50 Source: David Barkley, �Evaluations of Regional Competitiveness: Making a Case for Case Studies.� SRSA Fellows Address. Southern Regional Science Association Conference, Arlington, VA. March 2008.Source: David Barkley, �Evaluations of Regional Competitiveness: Making a Case for Case Studies.� SRSA Fellows Address. Southern Regional Science Association Conference, Arlington, VA. March 2008.

51. 51 Source: David Barkley, �Evaluations of Regional Competitiveness: Making a Case for Case Studies.� SRSA Fellows Address. Southern Regional Science Association Conference, Arlington, VA. March 2008. Source: David Barkley, �Evaluations of Regional Competitiveness: Making a Case for Case Studies.� SRSA Fellows Address. Southern Regional Science Association Conference, Arlington, VA. March 2008.

52. 52 Wyoming could not capture long run growth from energy. Denver/CO got the growth. Wyoming lacked the cities and other advantages. Alberta has Calgary and Edmonton and its low tax climate is not found elsewhere in Canada. More Canadian and U.S. evidence of natural resources curse can be found in �Community Cooperation or Community Collapse� April 2006 presentation at High Level, AB, available at www.crerl.usask.ca under presentations. Wyoming could not capture long run growth from energy. Denver/CO got the growth. Wyoming lacked the cities and other advantages. Alberta has Calgary and Edmonton and its low tax climate is not found elsewhere in Canada. More Canadian and U.S. evidence of natural resources curse can be found in �Community Cooperation or Community Collapse� April 2006 presentation at High Level, AB, available at www.crerl.usask.ca under presentations.