ICT and its role in rural development

1. ICT and its role in rural development Martyn Warren mwarren@plymouth.ac.uk www.martynwarren.co.uk

2. Lecture 2 Internet and organisations: Business, community and governance

3. Agenda The internet and business The internet and community E-governance E-democracy

4. Internet and business

5. E-commerce ‘The process of buying and selling or exchanging of products, services and information via computer networks, including the internet’ (Turban, 2000: 4).

6. Stages of development in e-commerce (Rowley 2002:4)

7. B2C Business to Consumer online trading Most familiar form B2B Business to Business online trading Most common form Closely linked to supply chain management

8. C2C

9. E-commerce benefits (1) Expands the marketplace Allows creation of specialised businesses (niche markets) Low barriers to entry. Size does not matter. Easy and cheap advertisement Improved image, customer service, more flexibility – perhaps…. Helps to meet increasing customer expectations about choice (of product and of associated services) Opportunity to remove ‘middlemen’ – ‘disintermediation’

10. E-commerce benefits (2) Can stimulate rethinking of business processes and business relationships Cuts cost of transmission and storage of information Quicker order response – lower working capital costs for selling and purchasing businesses Easy recording and analysis of customer profile information ‘Keeping up with the Jones’s…’ (‘normative’ or peer pressure)

11. Limitations of e-commerce Technical Security, reliability ? insufficient bandwidth (at business and/or consumer end) integration of web commerce tools with pre-existing business software, hardware and processes business may need a specialised server

12. Limitations of e-commerce (2) Non-technical • cost (at business and consumer end) • trust – security, privacy; consumer resistance • Institutional (especially financial) development • concern of customers about after-sales support • lack of confidence, competence, access for consumers • reluctance to post prices, where discounting/negotiation of prices to customers is traditionally common. • ‘You cannot send a handshake over the internet’ • Concern of ‘being lost in cyberspace’ (Rusten and Ellingsen 2003:15)

13. E-business ‘…not just buying and selling, but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organisation’ Turban 2000: 5. This term is often used interchangeably with e-commerce, but here implies a business that is built around electronic systems, rather than just incorporating them into its commercial processes.

14. Willis (2000?) http://www.e-ticaret.gov.tr/KobiSunum/Ankara_slides.ppt#5

15. Supply Chain Management (Council of Logistics Management, What is it all about?, Oak Brook, IL, 1986) ‘…the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from point-of-origin to point of final consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements’

16. Internet-enabled supply chain Bryceson (2006) 119

17. Internet in the workplace Outsourcing Collaboration (e.g. Facebook group, GoogleDocs Business software and web services Communicating within the company Employee monitoring Changing when and where work is done (flexible working)

18. Flexible working benefits Cost-effectiveness and efficiency Ability to attract a higher level of skills. Job satisfaction and staff morale. Retention of staff – better work-life balance. Improved competitiveness, such as reaction to changing market conditions. Benefits for environment...

19. Benefits for environment Resource Consumption Transport – energy, pollution, emissions, congestion. Air quality – in workplace. Use of office and home space Design and location of offices Occupational health and safety 2004 SUSTEL report

20. Rebound effects Transport rebounds - for example, when the availability of cars at home because people are no longer commuting results in additional use.

21. Rebound effects Location rebounds - when people decide to move home, or employers offices, because the need to be at a given location five days a week is less important.

22. Rebound effects Space rebounds - when savings in office space from hotdesking are offset by individuals gaining more space at home through moving or extending.

23. Internet and community

24. Community Johnson (2000) Dictionary of Human Geography • “A social network of interacting individuals, usually concentrated into a defined territory.” • Communities of: • Place • Practice • Profession • Interest

25. Communities and cyberspace Keeble, L and Loader, B, Eds. (2001). Community informatics: shaping computer-mediated social relations. London, Routledge. p1 “…exploring the transforming qualities of the new information and communication technologies such as the internet for the development, economic regeneration and democratic stimulation of communities.”

26. Virtual communities …rich diversity of virtual communities … are forming between normally disparate individuals as a consequence of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Typically these are communities of shared interest rather than spatially or geographically constructed. (K&L 4)

27. Social media key to virtual communities, e.g. Email, SMS, instant messaging Blogs, Twitter Facebook, LinkedIn, Bebo Skype Wikis Flickr

28. 7 key concepts in social media (Baym 2010) • Interactivity • Ability to facilitate social interaction • Temporal structure • Synchronous (but lags in transmission may reduce synchronicity in e.g. Instant messaging) • Asynchronous • Social cues • Body language, facial expressions, tone of voice, text substitutes, emoticons ;-) )-: ...

29. 7 key concepts in social media (Baym 2010) • Storage • Replicability • Both features of emails, for instance – messages can be kept, forwarded, multiplied • Reach • ‘one single keystroke can send a message to thousands of people’ • Mobility • Portability, independence of location.

32. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13925893

33. Community and ICT - possibilities Providing support to/within existing (place-based) communities; Extending the reach and effectiveness of existing (interest-based) communities; Creating new, virtual communities (chat rooms, MySpace…) Even creating imaginary virtual communities (e.g. secondlife.com)

34. Use of online social networking by rural youth Chew, LaRoseet al (2011) Use of online social networking by rural youth and its effects on community attachment. Information, Communication and Society, Vol 14, 5, pp726-747 Study in one rural community in USA On the one hand, social networking takes time which would otherwise be spent on ‘hands-on’ community activity. On the other hand there are positive effects, including the strengthening of bridging social capital in some cases. Researchers suggest that community leaders need to embrace social media to encourage youth involvement.

35. Fwi forums Case Study – online community

38. What are farmers talking about online?FWi Forums (number of posts to 21 Nov 2009)

39. FWi ‘Talking Point’ forum posts, Jan-April 07

40. FWi ‘Talking Point’ forum posts, Jan-April 07

41. Countryside Rights of Way Act forum The CRoW Act 2000* - What's your opinion? … I'm a mature final year student and my dissertation is on the CRoW Act so any response is gratefully appreciated (as long as it's clean  ) and will help with my research. Thank you for reading and hopefully responding. *Countryside Right of Way Act, allowing people access to farmed land for walking.

42. Countryside Rights of Way Act forum Re: The CRoW Act 2000 - What's your opinion?don20/03/2007 08:20 …. THERE  ARE  PLENTY OF  CHURCH-GOING  ROGUES  WHO PRETEND .....REPEAT  PRETEND.....TO  BE  UPSTANDING   HONEST  MEMBERS  OF  THE  COMMUNITY!!! WHAT A LAUGH!!! AS I SAID........CHECK OUT SOME OF THE DECISION MAKERS  AND CHECK OUT SOME OF THE DECISIONS !!! WILL  THE  RAMBLERS  BULLY  THEIR  WAY  ALONG  THE  COAST  OF PRINCE CHARLES'S TINTAGEL  IN THE DUCHY HE NEVER BOUGHT???? LIKE HELL!!! WILL THEY BULLY THEIR WAY THROUGH LADY CHARLOTTE  TOWNSHEND'S COASTAL LAND AT ABBOTTSBURY , DORSET ???? LIKE HELL!!! LAW????  WHAT A FARCE!!!! SOME PEOPLE ARE ABOVE THE LAW!! HOW CAN YOU HAVE EQUITABLE LAW IN A COUNTRY WHICH ALLOWS  JUDGES  AND BARRISTERS  TO  BE  FREEMASONS??? THE PEOPLE OF THIS COUNTRY ARE BEING JUDGED BY MEMBERS OF A SECRET SOCIETY WHO HOLD GREAT POWER!!! WHY DO YOU THINK CERTAIN PEOPLE ARE NOT BEING "TRODDEN" ON???

43. Countryside Rights of Way Act forum • Re: The CRoW Act 2000 - What's your opinion?moaningfarmerpalmer22/03/2007 08:23 • Don; I am not even going to try and respond to your rant. You appear to be so far off the mark with your views and opinions it is untrue…..

44. Countryside Rights of Way Act forum • Re: The CRoW Act 2000 - What's your opinion? Zippidee21/03/2007 00:35 • 12.30 am , just lambed a big single with both feet back , its blinking freezing !...would'nt swap it for the world..well..nearly! and you wonder why we get annoyed when those without any knowledge of what goes on the countryside get annoyed when dogs are let loose amongst flocks and gates are left open ….

45. Countryside Rights of Way Act forum • Re: The CRoW Act 2000 - What's your opinion?Zippidee21/03/2007 01:37 • Me again , obviously still up with these sheep  , now waiting for the one that had the harness on because she prolapsed 2 weeks ago has started lambing. Have taken the harness off and she has now decided that maybe taking all night could be good idea , probably to get me back for putting the harness on in the first place. Popped into house for a hot drink , Horlicks....mmm , not the kind you make with milk as that would take too long but the one that you just add water to as it is quicker and at 1 in the morning who can be bothered to boil milk. Had a couple of Ryvita with strawberry jam on to go with it as you can eat too much during the night if you aint careful and when it comes to breakfast time your appetite is shot to heck.Having said that the biscut barrel called out and the digestives took a hammering as well although I did manage to push the choclate hob nobs to the side...willpower eh! Here's a ……..

47. British Farming Forum http://farmingforum.co.uk/forums/showthread.php?t=52118

48. E-governance

49. Governance ‘Governance’ is concerned with the distribution and exercise of power as a whole – not just that vested in the state. Involves not just central and local government, but also non-government agencies, community groups, interest and pressure groups, charities, business groupings, direct activists, and so on.