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Unit Six: Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation

Unit Six: Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation. Chapter 33: Resistance of the Body to Infection. I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte -Macrophage System, and Inflammation. Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12 th edition. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells).

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Unit Six: Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation

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  1. Unit Six: Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation Chapter 33: Resistance of the Body to Infection. I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition

  2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) • General Characteristics • Types: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, • lymphocytes (plasma cells) • b. Concentrations in the blood

  3. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) • Genesis of WBCs Fig. 33.1 Genesis of WBCs

  4. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) • Life Span of WBCs • Granulocytes- 4-8 hrs in the blood and 4-5 days in tissues • Monocytes- 10-20 hrs in the blood, move into tissues • and become macrophages which can live for months • Lymphocytes- weeks or months moving from circulation • into the tissues and back again • Platelets- replaced about every 10 days (30,000 formed • per day per microliter of blood

  5. Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections • WBCs Enter the Tissue Spaces by Diapedsis • WBCs Move Through the Tissues by Ameboid Motion • WBCs Are Attracted to Inflamed Tissue by Chemotaxis

  6. Neutrophils and Macrophages (cont.) Fig. 33.2

  7. Neutrophils and Macrophages (cont.) • Phagocytosis • Process • Neutrophils • Macrophages • Phagolysosomes • Bactericidal properties

  8. Monocyte-Macrophage Cells System • Reticuloendothelial System (RES) • Histiocytes • Macrophages in the lymph nodes • Lungs • Kupffer cells • Spleen and Bone Marrow

  9. Fig. 33.3 Functional diagram of a lymph node

  10. Fig. 33.4 Kupffer cells lining the liver sinusoids Fig. 33.5 Functional structures of the spleen

  11. Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages • Inflammation • Vasodilation of local blood vessels • Increased permeability of the capillaries • Clotting of fluids in the interstitial spaces • Migration of granulocytes and monocytes • Swelling of the tissue cells • Chemicals released: histamine, bradykinin, • serotonin, prostaglandins, complement proteins • activated, multiple lymphokines

  12. Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages • “Walling-Off” Effect of Inflammation- delay the • spread of bacterial or toxins • Macrophage and Neutrophil Responses • Neutrophil invasion of the inflammed area • Acute increase of neutrophils in blood • Macrophage invasion into area • Increased production of granulocytes and monocytes • by the bone marrow

  13. Fig. 33.6 Migration of neutrophils from the blood into the inflamed tissue

  14. Inflammation (cont.) • Feedback Control of the Macrophage/Neutrophil • Responses G-CSF: Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor GM-CSF: Granulocyte-Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor IL-1: Inteleukin 1 M-CSF: Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor Fig. 33.7

  15. Eosinophils • Eosinophils • Weakly phagocytic • Prominent in parasitic infections • Collect in areas where allergic reactions occur

  16. Basophils • Basophils • Similar to mast cells • Release heparin in the blood • Release histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin • IgE binds to basophil-release of histamine in • allergic reactions

  17. Leukopenia and Leukemia • Leukopenia- bone marrow produces few wbcs • Caused by irradiation (x-rays or gamma rays) • Exposure to drugs and chemicals • Leukemia- uncontrolled production of wbcs • Types • Effects on the body

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