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Welcome to my world: a homeland security view of US fisheries and aquaculture

New Technologies and Opportunities for Marine Aquaculture Using Best Practices Management for Sustainability Dr. Phil McGillivary, USCG PACAREA & Icebreaker Science Liaison. Welcome to my world: a homeland security view of US fisheries and aquaculture.

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Welcome to my world: a homeland security view of US fisheries and aquaculture

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  1. New Technologies and Opportunities for Marine Aquaculture Using Best Practices Management for SustainabilityDr. Phil McGillivary, USCG PACAREA & Icebreaker Science Liaison

  2. Welcome to my world: a homeland security view of US fisheries and aquaculture • After oil & autos, US fish imports=3rd largest contribution to US trade deficit: 20007 US fish exports@$4B/yr, imports $12B/yr (top 3=shrimp, salmon & clams), so fish=$8B/yr trade deficit. In 2008, imports= $14.2B…w fish byproduct imports, total fish trade deficit 2008 = $28.5B (NOAA, 2009) . US aquaculture mostly salmon, oysters, mussels, shrimp = 1.5% US supply = $200M in 2008. • Hawaii case: exports 33 million lbs, consumes 55 million, local aquaculture only 0.6 million lbs (2007) worth $37M • National economic security issue, also food security..&.. • 84% US seafood is imported, 50% is farmed, w top 3 countries for farmed seafood = China, Thailand, Indonesia. China produces 90% of farmed seafood. Do you think there are water quality issues? • Introduced disease an issue to DHS not so much a matter of human health (although a concern), but also of putting US fisheries and aquaculture at risk.

  3. Welcome to my world: a homeland security view of international fisheries & aquaculture…instability & overuse of land resources…international & Africa case • Worldwide 45% fish consumed today from aquaculture, 48 million tons • By 2030 UN FAO says additional 38 million tons aquacultured fish will be needed to support population increase • Case study: Ghana offshore over-fishing affects political instability of west African nations and marine mammal & sea turtle by-catch • Also effecting ‘bush meat’ over-harvest in national parks & reserves, endangering 41 sps.

  4. Welcome to my world: a homeland security view of international fisheries & aquaculture…Pacific Climate Effects of Ciguatera ….Called in for UN FAO Ciguatera Conf in 2010… Re: UNESCO July 2000 Climate Workshop: Climate Variability & Change and their Health Effects in Pacific Island Countries “Algal blooms occur more frequently with unusually warmer or cooler water temperatures. …Some of these algal blooms cause disease in humans, but the most frequent case of human illness caused by a marine toxin is ciguatera. The toxin is eaten by herbivorous fish, and then becomes more concentrated up the food chain.”

  5. How Can Climate Affect Ciguatera?South Pacific SSTs: red=warmer, Blue=colder,El Nino periods on left; La Nina periods on rightENSO effects on SST and ciguatera are NOT the same everywhere! (Rongo et al., 2009).

  6. Annual incidence of Ciguatera in Polynesia 1979-83 as cases per 100,000, showing Tokelau has greatest incidence of ciguatera, followed by French Polynesia &Northern Cook Islands(from N. Lewis, 1986)

  7. Welcome to my world: a homeland security view of international fisheries & aquaculture…Pacific Climate Effects of Ciguatera • Tahiti and Tokelau: @80% of fish are now inedible due to ciguatera. Rule is if 5% of fish are found with ciguatera they are not allowed to be sold. The low % due to chronic effects: you never lose ciguatera. • Hawaii: 20% fish are now inedible due to ciguatera, and additional species are added annually. Now, the introduced pest fish ta’ape cannot be eaten, increasing problem of removal & threat to natives.

  8. The Long View: Upper panel: Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 1930-2000Lower panel: PDO 1000-1900 (-2000 in brackest) Purple=ciguatera So.Cooks; Green=N.Cooks/Fr.Polynesia. Note major PDO shift @1450A.D. in lower panel (Rongo et al. 2009)

  9. Welcome to my world: a homeland security view of international fisheries & aquaculture…Climate Effects on Ciguatera • ENSO effects don’t correlate w/ long climate shifts • Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) effects across entire Pacific are similar to Pacific Decadal Oscillation effects in the North Pacific • ENSO and IPO are of @ = strength in terms of effects on location of SPCZ, but vary independently • South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) affects SoPac latitudinal SST distribution and has varied in phase w/ IDO since 1890s (Folland et al., 2002), therefore… We CAN use IPO surface pressure data to predictively model latitudinal changes in SSTs and probable changes in Ciguatera locations

  10. ENSO & IDO effects on Ciguatera Nunn’s 1991 “Feeling the hand of God” hypothesis… Environmental climate variations are as important as human environmental effects on human marine resource availability and use. The current “Tipping Point” hypothesis… Human activities combining increased nutrient runoff ocean acidification and alien species introduction will act in concert with climate variations causing marine ecosystems to cross a tipping point, leading to long-term shifts in marine resource availability and use.

  11. Quick guide to paleo-climate changes: AD 750-1300: warm, rising temps & Sea Level, increasing aridity, the “Little Climatic Optimum” AD 1270-1475: rapid temp drop in many places& SL drop up to 1m, initial precipitation increases, the “Transition Period” but in Southern Cooks, temp increased1-1.5oC

  12. Indications of ciguatera from other archaeological sites: Indicators of ciguatera: Cautions about data interpretation: Not all sites are comparable even on one island Care must be made to consider high and low island effects Sites differ with ciguatera susceptibility, increasing at low latitudes where warming has greatest effect • Shift to smaller, safer reef fish • Shift to more pelagic fish • Shift to less fish in diet

  13. Conclusion to date: More and more careful analysis of paleo-data on both climate and fish use would be required to document ciguatera induced changes in Polynesian migrations!The fish you eat today may not be available tomorrow…and aquaculture may be susceptible as well. Food Security in the Pacific: An Ocean of Change

  14. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history • 1970s: Grow up in Philippines during Vietnam war… see milkfish aquaculture in Subic Bay and Sulu Sea fishponds. Return US East coast, discuss aquaculture of FW clam pearls to save clam species • Early 1980s: Grad school at Skidaway Inst. Oc. Savannah, shellfish aquaculture Ken Tenore’s group • Watch offshore deepwater Golden crab harvest to near extinction within 18 months of discovery before NOAA regulation • Attempt sturgeon restoration in So Atl rivers, sturgeon aquaculture • Jamaica Lindberg Grant ($10K) w Brian LaPointe, Tom Goreau: fisheries restoration by backreef Gracilaria line culture using pulsed phosphate fertilization over backreef nitrate/nitrite-rich springs. Handed over to locals in 1 year, profitable second year, reef fisheries rebound in 4 years. • Late 1980s: Post-docs UCSB & Monterey: striped bass and stomatopod culture in Calif., and eval of Pacific Island options; growth hormone effects ‘discovered’ at Hopkins Marine Station by Denny Powers.

  15. An Innocent abroad: a personal aquaculture history1990s: Molokai, the most aquaculture intensive society in the world, 110 fishponds, a ‘fat’ land. Kupeke Fishpond, 800 years old, 25 acres for mullet, clam, crab, reef fish, tuna and stomatopod aquaculture, with its’ own mini-hatchery.

  16. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture historyLysiosquilla maculata, 12-18” and all tail…@$150-200 ea in market. Males eat fish by spearing, females shellfish by smashing. And they come when called…

  17. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history Kupeke Fishpond…learning from & restoring the past • Back-reef springs the contributor to productivity, as in Jamaica • Concept: demonstrate to native Hawaiians how to restore their own culture • Culture highest value species to maximize profit • Start by removing 500,000 mangroves: alien species the kiss of death due to anoxic waters • Repair wall tsunami damage to ensure flow • Repair ‘makaha’ = gate • Restore depth due to sedimentation • Remove barracuda • Restore macroalgal culture • Involve locals, esp. HS • Restore fishing gods, fish-calling site, traditions

  18. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Kupeke Fishpond…learning from & restoring the past Lesson One: Lunar cycles are essential factors The Kapu nights of Kanaloa [the Ocean God] are centered during the 23-27th nights of the lunar month. This is when fish gates are open in spring, and juvenile fish enter ponds, and/or can be caught by throw net nearshore & put in ponds. When male stomatopods feed on schooling goatfish, and females fatten reproductive lipids by feeding on shellfish. The Kapu Nights of Kanaloa: Kaloa Ku Kahi, Kaloa Ku Lua & Kaloa Pau(24-26th nights of lunar month)The three nights of Kaloa are good nights for fishing. Makaloa and `ole shellfish (drupes, terebras) plentiful. • Fishpond work begins @11pm, runs through 2am or later.

  19. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Kupeke Fishpond…learning from & restoring the past Lessons Two: Vary food with the lunar cycle • Stomatopod males feed only the three nights of the month when goatfish school over their burrows, which are always directly under these fish aggregation sites, both on Molokai, and also in Moorea, Tahiti, where they have been studied for a long time by UCB. • Feeding on a lunar cycle requires at minimum two, and usually three food types. • Recall females need lipid-rich foods to reproduce, and do so according to lunar cycles. • If you feed the same food all the time, organisms will grow and gain weight for a while, but then weight gains become erratic, and they lose weight. • It is essential to alter 2-3 types of food with the lunar cycle to sustain growth, varying lipid, carbo and protein content.

  20. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Kupeke Fishpond…learning from & restoring the past Lesson Three: Fish Calling • As a child I was taught to call animals by both sides of my family, from snapping turtles in the South by slapping pond surfaces, to our family tradition of dolphin-calling similarly • In Hawaii bamboo stamping tubes or ka’eke’eke are used to call fish. Frequencies are 150-300Hz, depending on tube length. • In 2004: filmed shark & turtle calling in American Samoa • Even tuna can be called directly up onto the beach using the correct frequencies, those of feeding and breeding (circular swimming) • Light also works...

  21. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: He’eia Fishpond…learning from & restoring the past He’eia Fishpond, Oahu, grows Graciliaria (ogo), various fish and stomatopods under community management.

  22. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Other Hawaiian Aquaculture sps…Opihi (Limpets) • Opihi, or limpets, of which there are 3 species in Hawaii are all endangered. To meet food demand Hawaii imports @12 tons/year from Ireland. They are both a traditional and medicinal food. Aquaculture of opihi had been tried for years but never succeeded. Rob Toonen (UH/HIMB) and colleagues succeeded by raising them on turf green algae, which suits them just fine. It is hoped that aquaculture will take pressure off local stocks which are severely over-harvested on all islands except Kaho’olawe, the former Navy bombing range, where they are also at risk. They fetch a good price and their culture is easy once you know how to do it!

  23. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Other Hawaiian Aquaculture sps…Corals and Reef Fish • Reef fish culture is not often economically viable, but is for some species, eg uncommon species from remote areas, for which transit costs & demand are high, e.g. the Flame Angel, Centropyge loriculus. It occurs in Hawaii also, but colors there are not as intense: the market wants Micronesian specimens. They are not hard to culture. • Indonesian Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni) are protected now due to over-harvesting & are also being cultured: also easy.

  24. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Other Hawaiian Aquaculture sps…Corals and Reef Fish Michael Moore got his PhD at UCB & post-doc’d at UCSD. Both were in Indonesia, where dynamite fishing in Indonesia’s Bunakin Reef Reserve was rampant due to war in Aceh, whose locals arrived desperate & w no stake in local fisheries. The locals were furious their fishing was being ruined and wanted action. Michael started Ecoreefs, and a program w US AID funding to restore reefs there & elsewhere from ship groundings. Units are fastened into sand or reef to prevent storm damage. It works. • Competitor Reef Balls, doesn’t: get alien species & ciguatera.

  25. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Other Hawaiian Aquaculture sps…Corals and Reef Fish • 30 years ago growing corals for the aquarium trade was considered impossible • 15 years ago 50% of aquarium corals were cultured & rising • Challenge remains culture of non-branching (“brain” or “massive”) corals. Secret is lunar cycles, maybe stress to cause polyp shedding. • 20 years ago Tom Goreau re-establishing corals in polluted & damaged areas growing on metal frames w a low current & anode: it worked, they grew 5X as fast, and survived in polluted waters where they otherwise died.

  26. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Electric Clams, Electric Oysters: Still TBD • Tom Goreau tried several times to culture clams in cages using his electric method off Cape Cod. However people kept coming and disconnecting the cables going into the water. After several efforts, since he didn’t live locally, he gave up and stuck with coral restoration, which is his main thing anyway. • Disappointed with Tommy’s failure to try the electric method on shellfish, and being well aquainted with the Tomales Bay oyster growers (the Bay is north of SF, CA), I tried to start a trial program there. They claimed they would never be able to negotiate the maze of NOAA and other permits, and declined to make the attempt. • STILL TBD!

  27. Step 1: Environmental Best Management Practices We have identified 8 goals of environmental best management practices for aquaculture (McGillivary, Troy and Spencer, 2007): • (1) an effective system of monitoring and record-keeping • (2) methods which avoid or minimize impacts to natural stocks • (3) methods which avoid disease and minimize interactions with wild stock • (4) methods which minimize impacts on the ecosystem as a whole • (5) methods which minimize interactions with wild predators and avoid or minimize losses due to escape • (6) methods which sustain optimal water quality • (7) methods which minimize other ancillary risks, eg risks to navigations; and, finally, • (8) methods which include fully conceived and readily implemented contingency plans.

  28. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Back to Hawaii: Open Ocean Aquaculture • Land-based aquaculture in Hawaii includes Spirulina culture for astaxanthin using upwelled water at NELHA (Natural Energy Lab Hawaii Authority) in Kona. Abalone culture efforts also ongoing. • US open ocean aquaculture started 2001 in Hawaii w Randy Cates (Cates, Intl.) culturing moi (aka threadfin, Polydactylus) off Oahu, and 2005 Neil Sims (Kona Blue) culturing yellowtail (aka kampachi, Seriola riviolana) off Big Island in shallow (30-90m) Ocean Spar cages.

  29. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Other than Hawaii: Open Ocean Aquaculture in NH & Puerto Rico • Similar efforts with Ocean Spar cages are tried by UNH personnel in Gulf of Maine, and a tethered group successfully over-winters, see video: http://vislab-ccom.unh.edu/~schwehr/ForPhilM/ • Off Puerto Rico, in late 2000s Dan Benetti (U.Miami/RSMAS) uses Aquapods to successfully grow cobia (Rachycentron canadum), and also develops concept of self-propelled cage along with Cliff Goudey (MIT), and tests these at sea successfully (c.f. Benetti, et al., 2010).

  30. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Back to Hawaii: Open Ocean Aquaculture • Hawaii Oceanic Technology (HOT) starts 2008 to culture tuna in a new kind of open ocean cage, OceanSphere: a Buckminster Fuller dome that can be much bigger than spar cages and assembled on site by divers. Mindful of problems w benthic changes and parasite migration from shallow cages, HOT cages are un-tethered, satellite directed to productive waters. Goal is to reduce use of baitfish by calling krill & squid w sound/light, use enzymes in feed to digest plant food & feed grubs instead of baitfish to get same fatty acids.

  31. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Back to Hawaii: Open Ocean Aquaculture Other innovative aspects of HOT: • State licensed parasitologist and virologist on Board since Day 1 • Native Hawaiian cultural expert on Board since Day 1 • Use of macroalgae for fish medicine instead of antibiotics • Inclusion of shark in cages to eat diseased fish before disease can spread Status: now only company in US w permit for 247 acre (1km2) deepwater site (Oct.23,2010) Cost: 3 years, @$2M. Some lessons learned: • Aquaculture business needs about $500K to start, and a 3 year plan • Have good business partners, and a plan if not • Permits take 3 years average • Begin site data collection asap • Keep meticulous records; make quarterly Board reports • Ensure a good marketing plan • Re: Mexican tuna culture operation sells $2B/yr to California w moving cages due to red tides & sewage plumes.

  32. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Back to the Big Picture: Green Fuel Aquaculture • Macroalgal culture for green fuel is the new hot ticket. Navy and AF want biofuel, and biofuel from the sea specifically. • Biofuel from seaweed plays nicely with offshore wind farms • Biofuel from seaweed can combine CO2 from power plants w sewage, including from cruise ships, etc. • Korea is in, Denmark is in…bag culture a la NASA: OMEGA bags • Tests are beginning now in California and Korea

  33. An Innocent abroad…a personal aquaculture history: Back to the Big Picture: Wind Farms, Shellfish Aquaculture & Alaska • Wind farms offer one new alternative for shellfish aquaculture. They have the advantage of fixed moorings, and restricted waters. • Shellfish being considered for such sites are: oysters, mussels, clams and scallops. • Mussels are grown on ropes. • Oysters and clams in bags hung either vertically or horizontally. • Scallops are grown on vertically hung culture ‘plates.’ What might Alaska do? • Start trying some kinds shellfish aquaculture in Chukchi and Bering Sea working with Native Alaskans as an educational project. Try bag culture at various locations, eval predation, growth, etc. Let locals manage. • Try electric oyster culture working with Tom Goreau. • Consider some kelp or fucus bag culture projects for biofuel • Plan some future interface with ocean energy projects.

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