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Aquaculture

Aquaculture . Zoology 1450 Dr. Craig Kasper HCC Aquaculture Program. Introduction. Definition: Rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. Intensive Aquaculture: Highly controlled, high density, RAS, raceways, confined (industrialized)

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Aquaculture

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  1. Aquaculture Zoology 1450 Dr. Craig Kasper HCC Aquaculture Program

  2. Introduction • Definition: Rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. • Intensive Aquaculture: Highly controlled, high density, RAS, raceways, confined (industrialized) • Extensive Aquaculture: Minimal control, lower density, ponds, third world

  3. Properties of Water AqueousTerrestrial • Oxygen 0-14 mg/L 21% • Temperature + 10˚C + 40˚C • Density Variable (4˚C) Constant • Composition Variable* Constant *“Universal Solvent”

  4. Introduction: What Can We Grow? Fish Husbandry • Food—finfish, crustaceans, mollusks, frogs, algae • Baitfish—fathead minnow, golden shiner • Sportfish—bass, bluegill, walleye • Ornamentals—tilapia, goby, • Feeder fish—goldfish, shiner, minnow • Biological supply houses

  5. Introduction • Professional Societies Interested in Aquaculture

  6. Aquaculture Journals • Journal of the World Aquaculture Society • North American Journal of Aquaculture (PFC) • Aquaculture • Journal of Applied Aquaculture • Aquaculture Nutrition • Aquaculture Research • Journal of Aquatic Animal Health • Transaction of the American Fisheries Society

  7. Aquaculture History at SIU • Cage culture of channel catfish • Hydroponics and aquaculture • Intensive culture of striped bass fingerlings • Aquaculture using heated effluents • Recirculating aquaculture systems • Hybrid striped bass aquaculture • HCG drug approval • International (Peru) • White bass (brood stock)

  8. Why Culture Fish? • Finite Resource—overfishing and habitat destruction • Fuel Cost $$$ • Proximity—Farms may be closer to local markets. • Exclusive Economic Zones • Health Consciousness (protein, FA’s, micronutrients) • Efficiency (see next slide) • Trade Deficit—$8 billion imported seafood!

  9. Feed Conversion (grain/flesh) • Beef cattle on feedlot 8:1 • Swine 3.3:1 • Poultry 2.25:1 • Rainbow trout 1.5:1 • Tilapia 1.25:1 • Why ARE fish so efficient?

  10. Utilization of Feed and Dietary Protein and Energy. Feed CompositionEfficiency Animal Protein Energy ME-Protein Feed Protein gain/ Protein g (kcal/ ratio Efficiency g protein gain/Mkcal (%) ME g) (kcal/g) (gain/feed) consumed MEconsumed Catfish 32 2.7 8.5 0.84 0.36 47 Chicken 18 2.8 16 0.48 0.33 23 Cattle 11 2.6 24 0.13 0.15 6

  11. Why Lower Energy Requirement? • Don’t have to maintain body temperature (heat increment, or HI) • Less energy to maintain position (neutral buoyancy). • Lose less energy in protein catabolism and excretion of nitrogen (85% of waste nitrogen passes out gills). • Livestock use bacteria to convert carbs. to protein—not efficient, but cheap!

  12. Aquaculture Species of Interest • Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) • Hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis X. M. chrysops) • Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) • Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) • Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) • Baitfish

  13. Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

  14. Channel Catfish • Status of Industry • -largest aquaculture industry in U.S. • ->610 million pounds (2003) • -mostly in Mississippi Delta Region • -1st finfish production in U.S.! • Culture Systems • -primarily ponds (economy of scale) • -some reared in cages, pens, raceways

  15. Channel Catfish (cont.) • Environmental Requirements • -Live in wide range of temperatures • -Grow best in waters 80-90°F • -Tolerant to low dissolved oxygen (< 5 ppm). • Availability • -Fingerlings of all sized can be purchased • -Easy to spawn

  16. Channel Catfish (cont.) • Growth Rates and Production • -Two growing seasons (spring-fall) using 4-6” fingerlings to reach market size (1 ¼ lbs.) • -10” fingerlings will get there in one season! • -2000 lbs/acre w/o aeration. • -4000 lbs/acre with aeration.

  17. Channel Catfish (cont.) • Cost of Production -cost about $0.55-0.65/lb to produce -Seel whole for ~$0.80-0.85/lb

  18. Channel Catfish (cont.) • Markets • -Well established and highly competitive (mature)* • -Fee fishing lakes • -Niche markets • -Illinois prisions and other state institutions • *Production and transporting products to market

  19. Channel Catfish (cont.) • Future -Prices will reamin low due to volume -Local markets can still be penetrated -Strains suitable for colloer climates needed! -Out-of-season spawning may be beneficial -Foreign competition becoming more apparent (Imported Basa and Tra from Vietnam has influenced market, 2001). -Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) has been enacted to help market US products.

  20. Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis)

  21. Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis) • Hybrid between an anadromous (striped) and a freshwater (white) bass. • Sunshine bass (reciprocal cross)- Morone chyrsops♀ X M. saxatilis ♂ is current industry leader. • Palmetto bass (original cross) Morone saxatilis♀ X M. chrysops ♂. Less popular due to need for large females.

  22. Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.) • Industry status: • -Rapidly growing (huge potential) • -12 million lbs. produced in 2002 • -most produced near coasts (CA, NC, SC) • Culture Systems • -Raised in ponds (NC, SC) and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS, CA) • -Can be reared in cages & raceways (not much here).

  23. Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.) • Environmental Requirements • -Grow rapidly at70-80°F, but as low as 45°F. • -Needs aeration (4000 lbs./acre) • Availability • -fingerlings and fry can be purchased (2x $$ as catfish) • -spawning relatively complicated (small hatchings, green water for larvae, hybridization by manual spawing)

  24. Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.) • Growth Rates and Production -Two growing seasons from fry to market size (1. 5 lbs.) -Can produce 2000 lbs./acre without and 4000 lbs./ acre with aeration. • Markets -Most sold whole on ice (still a white tablecloth fish!) -Some market demand in Chicago and St. Louis -Niche markets (restaurants, value added) -Stocking as a sportfish (but only large ones > 4lbs.)

  25. Hybrid Striped Bass (cont.) • Markets -Most sold whole on ice (still a white tablecloth fish!) -Some market demand in Chicago and St. Louis -Niche markets (restaurants, value added) -Stocking as a sportfish (but only large ones > 4lbs.)

  26. Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) • Status of industry -Second largest species produced in the U.S. -55 million pounds of 12” food-sized fish alone (~$50 million U.S.) -Idaho production is 90% of industry. (Lots of water!)

  27. Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

  28. Rainbow Trout (cont.) • Environmental Requirements • -Require cold water (<70°F) • -Grow best in 57-59°F (tight range!) • -Donaldson strain—does well at warmer temp (65°F). • -Not tolerant to low D.O. • -Trout are not very • robust fish.

  29. Rainbow Trout (cont.) • Availability • -Limited in Illinois • -Purchase from out of state (requires permit) • -Must purchase from Great Lakes Basin state • -Disease control a major issue...may limit purchase options.

  30. Rainbow Trout (cont.) • Growth Rates and Production • -Requires 12 months at 59°F for 1.5” fingerlings. • -6” fingerlings can reach market size (1 lbs.) in 6 months. • -Production depends upon water flow rates. • (raceway production = very high production rates) • ~2000 lbs./acre in ponds • Cost of Production • -Limited in Illnois as food (temperature dependent early harvest dictates this...) • -Fee fishing and niche markets Lake McDonald in Glacier National Park

  31. Rainbow Trout (cont.) • Future • -Best potential might be for fee fishing. • -Double cropping following a warm water species?

  32. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

  33. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) • Status of Industry • -Rapidly growing, but imports still much cheaper! • -17 million pounds produced (1997); compared to 249 million pounds imported! • -Primarily due to lower labor in foreign countries. • -Production scattered throughout U.S.

  34. Tilapia • Culture Systems • -Primarily raised in indoor water recirculating systems • -Some ponds in the South.

  35. Tilapia • Environmental Requirements • -Tropical species; will not overwinter in Northern States (Illinois, Indiana). • -Grow best at 85-90°F, often die below 65°F. • -Tolerant of low oxygen and poor water quality... • Availability • -Fingerllings and fry can be • purchases • -Easy to spawn.... • horse trough+water+fish

  36. Tilapia • Growth Rates and Production • -Can reach market size (1.25 lbs.) in 6 months! • -Can be reared at high densities • (0.5 to 1 lb/gal water). ADM Tilapia Hydro farm

  37. Typical prices for Tilapia products sold in the U.S. (August 1999.)

  38. Tilapia • Markets • -Many sold live to Asian markets • (New York, Toronto and Chicago.) • -Wal-Mart and other chains • are becoming large carriers. • -Becoming common in the • restaurant scene. • -Niche markets-not as many due to low profit margin.

  39. Tilapia • Future • -Production expected to continue to increase. • -New markets needed for U.S. farmers (foreign market competition high!)

  40. Other Food Fishes • Status of Industry • -Several speices under consideration • -Largemouth bass, hybrid sunfish, yellow perch, flounder • -Less than 1 million pounds/yr combined • Culture Systems • -Generally limited to ponds • -some yellow perch in RAS

  41. Other Food Fishes • Environmental requirements • -Coolwater fishes (70-80°F) • -Medium tolerance to low D.O. • Availability • -Hybrid sunfish fingerlings readily available • -Feed-trained largemouth bass and yellow perch limited • -Spawning more difficult than others.

  42. Other Food Fishes • Growth Rates and Production • -Largemouth bass exhibit excellent growth, but become sexually competent early! • -Same with hybrid sunfish • -Yellow perch, huge market potential, but slow growth and market size is 4-5 fish/lb. • Cost of Production • -Not known for LMB or hybrid sunfish • -YP...about $1.75-2.00/lb.....sell for $2.25/lb (not $13.00!!)

  43. Other Food Fishes • Markets • -Excellent Asian market for live LMB (NY)! • -Hybrid sunfish market unknown • -Extreme demand for YP near Great Lakes • -All could be used as sportfish. • Future • -More research, more research, more research....

  44. Baitfish • Status of Industry • -Mature industry in AK and MO (golden shiners & fathead minnows) • -Infant industry in OH (suckers and emerald shiners) • Culture Systems • -Generally ponds. • -RAS in north due to cold. • Environmental Requirements • -Similar to catfish • -Tolerant to low oxygen (can also be held at high densities)

  45. Baitfish (cont.) • Availability • -Can be readily purchased • -Spawning fairly easy. • Growth Rates and Production • -Most can reach market size same year spawned • -Can produce 2,000-3,000lbs./acre • Cost of Production • ~$0.50/lb to produce • -Sell for $3.50/lb live...huge profit margin!

  46. Baitfish (cont.) • Market • -Most markets saturated by large producers • -Very difficult to break in • Future • -Industry will continue ot be dominated by large producers; however, legislation alter this by limiting transport between States.

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