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Presents

Presents. Mushroom Toxin. 7. END. Click to Proceed. END. OBJECTIVES. Identify different kinds of mushroom that has toxin; Explain the effects of these toxins in our body; Characterize the mushroom from its appearance. MENU. END. Visitor!. Mushroom. Objectives. Causes. Effects.

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Presents

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  1. Presents Mushroom Toxin 7 END Click to Proceed

  2. END OBJECTIVES • Identify different kinds of mushroom that has toxin; • Explain the effects of these toxins in our body; • Characterize the mushroom from its appearance. MENU

  3. END Visitor! Mushroom Objectives Causes Effects Poisonings TOXIC tiozon Pastor padua BACK

  4. END Back Mycetism Next Another term for mushroom poisoning. This refers to harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom. MAIN MENU

  5. END Back Mycetism Next These symptoms can vary from slight gastrointestinal discomfort to death. MAIN MENU

  6. END Back Mycetism Next The toxins present are secondary metabolites produced in specific  biochemical pathways in the fungal cells MAIN MENU

  7. Insects vs. mushrooms Fungi that are harmless to invertebrates can still be toxic to humans; the death cap, for instance, is often infested by insect larvae FOLK TRADITIONS BACK The fly agaric, usually bright red to orange and/or yellow, is narcotic and hallucinogenic, there have been no reported human deaths; the deadly destroying angel, in contrast, is an unremarkable white. No to brightly colored END MAIN MENU

  8. Taste bad People who have eaten the deadly Amanitas  reported that the mushrooms tasted quite good. FOLK TRADITIONS BACK Just cook it! While it is true that some otherwise inedible species can be rendered safe by special preparation, many toxic species cannot be made toxin-free. END MAIN MENU

  9. If it is red A number of Laotian refugees were hospitalized after eating mushrooms deemed safe by this folklore rule and this cost at least one person her life FOLK TRADITIONS BACK The shape of the mushroom cap does not correlate with presence or absence of mushroom toxins, so this is not a reliable method to distinguish between edible and poisonous species Pointed vs. Flat-rounded END MAIN MENU

  10. Cap : Shape, Surface and Margins

  11. Gills : • Gills are described by the attachment pattern to the stalk and by spacing, thickness, depth and forking pattern

  12. Stem/Stipe : • Stipe features include size, color, color changes, shape, position, structure, and surface characteristics

  13. END Effects Causes menu

  14. back Causes Of the many thousands of mushroom species in the world, only 32 have been associated with fatalities, and an additional 52 have been identified as containing significant toxins. By far the majority of mushroom poisonings are not fatal, but the majority of fatal poisonings are attributable to the Amanita phalloides mushroom MAIN END PROCEED

  15. back Causes A majority of these cases are due to "mistaken identity." One way this can happen is that the victim attempts to apply folk knowledge from one geographic area to another MAIN END PROCEED

  16. END C.molybdites Amanitas Jack-o-Lantern Coprine Main Menu Back

  17. END Amanitas MAIN Description Mistaken from Coprinuscomatus when immature next BACK

  18. I’m not amanitas Back Next Puffball, an edible puffball mushroom, which closely resembles the immature Amanitas. END MAIN MENU

  19. Spot the diff.! Back Next END MAIN MENU

  20. Back Amanitas Next Foragers are encouraged to always cut the fruiting bodies of suspected puffballs in half, as this will reveal the outline of a developing amanita should it be present within the structure. END MAIN MENU

  21. END MAIN Chlorophyllummolybdites Source often implicated due to its preference for growing in lawns next BACK

  22. Back C.Molybdites Next C.molybdites causes severe gastrointestinal upset but is not considered deadly poisonous. END MAIN MENU

  23. Back C.Molybdites Next C.molybdites causes severe gastrointestinal upset but is not considered deadly poisonous. END MAIN MENU

  24. Back C.Molybdites Next C.molybdites causes severe gastrointestinal upset but is not considered deadly poisonous. END MAIN MENU

  25. Back C.Molybdites Next A majority of mushroom poisonings in general are the result of small children, especially toddlers in the "grazing" stage, ingesting mushrooms found in the lawn. END MAIN MENU

  26. Jack-o-Lantern MAIN Description They are sometimes mistaken for chanterelles next BACK END

  27. Jack-o-lanter n Back Next Omphalotus ssp., "Jack-o-lantern mushrooms," are another cause of sometimes significant toxicity END MAIN MENU

  28. Jack-o-lanter n Back Next Both are bright orange and fruit at the same time of year END MAIN MENU

  29. Jack-o-lanter n Back Next Omphalotus grows on wood and has true gills rather than the veins of a Cantharellus. END MAIN MENU

  30. Spot the diff! Back Next END MAIN MENU

  31. END Coprine MAIN Source disulfiram-like compound which is harmless unless ingested within a few days of ingesting alcohol next BACK

  32. Back Coprine Next It inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme required for breaking down alcohol. END MAIN MENU

  33. Back Coprine Next Thus the symptoms of toxicity are similar to being "hung over" – flushing, headache, nausea, palpitations, and in severe cases, trouble breathing END MAIN MENU

  34. BACK What are the effects of eating those mushrooms? NEXT Effects, Symptoms, treatments The effects MENU END

  35. Group I - Cyclopeptide-containing Mushroom • Most difficult to treat. • 95% of all fatality due to mushroom poisoning • Species include Amanita phalloides, A verna, A virosa, Gallerina Autumnalis • Toxins include amanitins and phallotoxin which inhibit RNA polymerase II • Toxin is stable to cooking, pickling, salting and is not hydrolyzed by digestion

  36. Group I - Cyclopeptide-containing Mushroom

  37. Group I - Cyclopeptide-containing Mushroom

  38. Amatoxin Clinical Effects : • Delay of 6 to 12 hours before initial symptoms is common • Phase 1: Severe Gastroenteritis- profuse watery diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, thirst, • Phase 2: transient improvement in symptoms • Latent period of web being lasting 1 to 5 days • Phase 3: Recurrence symptoms, manifested with hepatic, renal toxicity, seizures, coma and death

  39. Amatoxins - Treatment : • Toxin elimination via repeat dose charcoal • Supportive care with fluids, electrolytes • Penicillin G may displace amanitin from plasma binding sites 1 million Unit/kg/d • Thioctic acid • Silymarin compete for membrane transport • Liver Transplant • Forced diuresis, hemodialysis, plasmapheresis- • Not useful

  40. Group II Monomethylhydrazine containing Mushrooms : • Gyromitra esculenta, G californica • Brain like appearance • Gyromitrin: Chelate with pyridoxal phosphate- disrupt GABA function • Clinical Effects: long latent period of 6 to 12 hours followed by vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, weakness and headache. • Severe cases notable for jaundice, hyperreflexia, vertigo, loss of muscle coordination, seizures and coma • Recovery in 2 to 6 days

  41. Group II Monomethylhydrazine containing Mushrooms :

  42. Gyromitra esculenta

  43. Group II Monomethylhydrazine containing Mushrooms : Treatment • Standard decontamination measures • For seizures, Pyridoxine at 25mg/kg in 15 to 30 minutes IV.

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