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Understanding Mood Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Explore the world of mood disorders, including depression and mania, their symptoms, impacts, factors contributing to their development, and effective treatment approaches such as medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

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Understanding Mood Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

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  1. Mood Disorders Kimberley Clow kclow2@uwo.ca http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/155b/

  2. Outline • What are mood disorders? • Depression • Mania • Major Depressive Disorder • Bipolar Disorder • Causes • Treatment

  3. Thoughts… • Have you ever felt sad, pessimistic, or worthless? • Have you ever felt like a failure? • Last year, there were 6,303,776 injuries causing limitations to normal activity for people aged 20-34 • Divorce rates are on the rise • 1/1000 divorce in the first year • 5.1% in the second year • 17% in the third year • 23.6% in the fourth year

  4. Depression A low, miserable, unhappy mood Feelings of worthlessness, and pessimism Altered sleep and appetite Inability to experience pleasure Mania Extremely high or agitated mood Person feels excessively and unrealistically positive Feelings of elation and a strong sense of pleasure Grandiose ideas Hyperactive The Moods

  5. Depression • Depressing Facts • 1 in 5 adults will experience depression • Emotional Symptoms • Depressed or Dysphoric Mood • Anhedonia • Physical Symptoms • Somatic Complaints • Motor Retardation • Sleep Disturbances • Weight Loss

  6. Cognitive Symptoms • Distorted Thinking • All or Nothing Thinking • Overgeneralization • Mental Filter • Disqualifying the Positive • Jumping to Conclusions • Emotional Reasoning • Personalization • Pessimistic, self-critical thinking often leads to thoughts of suicide

  7. Suicide • Different Types • Death Seekers • Death Initiators • Death Ignorers • Death Darers • Warning Signs • Gender Differences

  8. Psychotic Symptoms • Seen in the most severely depressed individuals • Delusions • Hallucinations • Relation to Depression • Mood Congruent • Symptoms are consistent with the person's depressed thinking • Mood Incongruent • Symptoms are inconsistent with the person's depressed thinking

  9. Course of Major Depressive Disorder • The average duration of an untreated episode of depression is between 8 and 10 months • Cyclical disorder • Rarely experience just 1 episode • The episode is usually triggered by a major life stressor • Major depressive disorder can begin at any age • Most typical during the mid-twenties

  10. Variants • Dysthyic Disorder • Symptoms less severe • More chronic form of depression • Double Depression • Person suffers Dysthymia and Unipolar Depression • Dysthymia develops first • Major Depressive episode occurs later

  11. Mania • The Facts • 10-20% who suffer a depressive episode develop bipolar disorder • Gender Differences • Emotional Symptoms • Inflated Self-Esteem • Elation or Irritation • Physical Symptoms • Decreased need for sleep • Cognitive Symptoms • Distractible • Goal Directed Behaviour

  12. Bipolar Disorder • Characterized by • Periods of depression alternating with mania • Bipolar I or Bipolar II • Possible • Mixed Episodes • Rapid Cycling • Variants • Hypomania • Cyclothymic

  13. Gender Gender equality Age Similar onset SES High SES Stress Little effect Gender More women Age Similar onset SES Equal opportunity Stress Triggers & Worsens Bipolar vs. Depression

  14. Biological Factors • Depression and mania tend to be episodic in nature • Many of the symptoms are disruptions in vital bodily functions • sleep, eating, and sexual activity • Disorders run in families • Can be induced by drugs

  15. Cognitive Behavioural Factors

  16. Aaron Beck

  17. Diathesis-Stress Model • Onset or relapse of depression is more likely following a major loss • Death, divorce, loss of self-worth related to unemployment • Trauma and stress not enough to predict depression • Need to consider the context and the meaning of the event • Supportive context vs lack of support • Catastrophic interpretations

  18. Psychoanalysis • Depression due to real or symbolic loss • Failure to properly grieve • Caused by fixation in the oral stage

  19. Treatment • Drug Therapy • Have you heard of Prozac or Paxil? • Alleviate Depression • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) • Linked to suicide! • Have you heard of Lithium? • Alleviate Bipolar Disorder • Increases reuptake of norepinephrine • Toxic!

  20. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy What Works Best? CBT = Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

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