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Exam Review 2

Explore linked lists, templates, iterators, debugging, testing, recursion, and more in C++ programming for exam preparation. Learn about STL, stacks, queues, and error handling techniques.

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Exam Review 2

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  1. Exam Review 2 Chapter 5 – 9 CS211 November 05,2007, CS Dept, MHC

  2. In-class Exam 2 • Wednesday 11:00am – 12:15pm • Open books, open notes, but not open neighbors • Coverage: chapter 5 – chapter 9 • Questions: • Short-answer questions • Multiple-choice questions

  3. Chapter 5: Linked Lists • Node Class (Ex 1-12) • Linked List Toolkit (Ex 13 -25 ) • The bag Class with a Linked List (Ex 26-35) • The sequence class with a Linked List (Ex 36-40: please refer to assignment 4) • Comparison of dynamic arrays, linked lists and doubly linked lists (Ex 41-46)

  4. Chapter 6: Templates, Iterators and STL • Template Functions and Template Classes • for code that is meant be reused in a variety of settings in a single program • Sections 6.1-6.2 • Iterators • step through all items of a container in a standard manner • Sec. 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 • Standard Template Library • the ANSI/ISO C++ Standard provides a variety of container classes in the STL • Section 6.3

  5. All you need to know about Templates • Template Function • a template prefix before the function implementation • template <class Item1, class Item2, ...> • Function Prototype • a template prefix before the function prototypes • Template Class • a template prefix right before the class definition • Instantiation • template functions/classes are instantiated when used Better Understanding of classes and functions

  6. Iterators (Sec. 6.3, 6.5, 6.6) • We discussed how to build an iterator for the linked list • so that each of the containers can build its own iterator(s) easily • A node iterator is an object of the node_iterator class, and can step through the nodes of the linked list

  7. Linked List Version the bag Template Class with an Iterator • Most of the implementation of this new bag is a straightforward translation of the bag in Chapter 5 that used an ordinary linked list • Two new features • Template class with a underlying type Item • iterator and const_iterator – defined from node_iterator and const_node_iterator, but use the C++ standard [...) left inclusive pattern

  8. Standard Template Library (STL) • The ANSI/ISO C++ Standard provides a variety of container classes in the STL • set, multiset, stack, queue, string, vector • Featured templates and iterators • For example, the multiset template class is similar to our bag template class • More classes summarized in Appendix H

  9. Chapters 7/8 Stacks and Queues • Stacks and LIFO(Read Chapter 7, esp. 7.1 and 7.3) • Self-Test: 1-5, 13-18 • Queues and FIFO (Read Chapter 8, esp. 8.1 and 8.3) • Self-Test: 1-5, 10,18-21 • Priority Queues (Read Section 8.4) • Self-Test: 25-27 • References Return Values (Read Section 8.5 and p. 314 in Chapter 6) • Self-Test: class note of Lecture 12

  10. Chapter 9 Recursive Thinking • Recursive Functions (Section 9.1) • Recursive Calls and Stopping Cases • Activation Record and Run-Time Stack • Self-Test: Exercises 1-8 • Reasoning about Recursion (Section 9.3) • Infinite Recursion and One Level Recursion • Ensure no Infinite and Correctness • Applications of Recursion(Optional :Section 9.2)

  11. Testing and Debugging • Testing: • The goal of testing is to find errors. • Black-box testing • Test cases are developed without regard to the internal workings • Test cases  equivalent categories • Check boundary values: “Off by 1” errors • White-box testing • Exercises the internal structure and implementation of a method. • Ensure every path through a program is executed at least once. Note: expected output for each test should be established prior to running the test.

  12. More on Testing • Unit testing • Create a test case for each module of your code (method) • Integration testing • Previously tested modules are now tested as a collection. • System testing • Test the entire system • Alpha and beta tests .. Usually prior the formal release of a software product

  13. Debugging • Debugging • Locating and correcting run-time and logic errors from your programs. • Debugger • A software program that permits developers to observe the execution of a program. • Obtain detailed info: values of variables, states of objects …

  14. More on Debugging • Simple debugging with print statements • Periodically print variables’ value of objects’ string representation. • Print other types of useful info • How far my code got before it died? • Keep tracking of parameter values, esp. recursive functions • Debugging Concepts

  15. More on Debugging • Simple debugging with print statements • Debugging Concepts • Set one or break points • Print the value of a variable or a object • Step into or over a method • Execute the next single statement • Continue execution • Other additional features • Debuggers: jdb (JDK), gdb(GNU)

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