Culture and Communication in the Age of Globalization

1. Culture and Communication in the Age of Globalization Introduction to Culture and Communication Studies

2. Culture and Communication in the Age of Globalization • What is globalization? Economic globalization Political globalization Cultural globalization Technological globalization • The state of culture and communication in the age of globalization

3. Culture and Communication in the Age of Globalization • Globalization – a phenomenon involving the integration of economies, governmental policies, values, technologies and cultures • Trans-national integrations over centuries: large empire and religious movements - agents of earlier forms of globalization

4. The Roman Empire, ca. AD 117Geographically continuous

5. The British Empire 1912Geographically discontinuous and extensive

6. The Japanese Empire, 1942Geographically continuous and limited

7. Christendom: Islamic Nations

8. East-Asia Company Trading AreasEconomic, Exploitative and Unilateral

9. Globalization • How is the recent globalization different from the earlier forms of globalization? • An exponential (quicker, more drastic, more ubiquitous) progress of the integration process. • Revolutionary advancement in transportation and telecommunication • The electronic age will turn all humanity into a ‘global tribe,’ in a ‘global village’. Marshall McLuhan, 1962

10. Economic Globalization • Each stage goes to the most advantageous location regardless of the nationality of corporate • Economic welfare of individuals controlled by market forces and international organizations such as WTO, World Bank and IMF

11. Economic Globarization • Production carried out where labour cost is lower, no or little work regulation exists and good financial arrangement comes • Exploitation in wages and working condition • Widening gap between the rich and the poor

12. The top 1 % owes the 40 % of the world wealthThe bottom 50 % owes only 1 % of the total wealth

13. The international debt of the developing countries: $ 618 billion in 1980 and $ 3,300 billion in 2007The US cost of the Iraqi War (2003-08) was $3,300 billion

14. Similar products for similar prices sold all over the world

15. A Nepalese boy wearing a Hard Rock Café T-shirt, Hong Kong T-shirt and a Gap cap, while a Togo woman listening to music by a Sony Walkman

16. Globalization of Governmental Policies • Laissez-faire – policy of minimum governmental intervention in the economic affairs of individuals and society. • Uncertain origin – Louis XIV’s finance controller, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, asked industrialists what the government could do to help their business. He was told, ‘Leave us alone.’ • Classic economist – Adam Smith • Invisible hand of the market – a metaphor to describe the self-regulating behaviour of the marketplace. Market Fundamentalism

17. Globalization of Governmental Policies

18. Globalization of Governmental Policies • Thatcherism in economic policies • Monetarism: the government controls money supply to combat inflation • Supply-side economics in which government intervenes market only to create a free market through privatizing state industries, deregulation and liberalization of the market

19. Globalization of Governmental Policies • Reaganomics – (1) Reduction in government spending and money supply, (2) reduction in taxes, (3) reduction in government regulation, (4) reduction in government regulation • All achieved by the reduction on government spending

20. Globalization of Governmental Policies • The economic policies of the UK and US governments globalized – global policies • Endlessly increase liberalization of the economy and decreasing barriers • Trade liberalization (removal of tariffs) • Liberalization of ‘capital accounts’ – allow people to invest overseas and foreign funds to be invested at home • Privatization of state enterprises • Deregulation • Neoliberalism; Trade Agreements: FTT, TPP

21. Globalization of Governmental Policies • Negative outcomes of globalization • Laissez-faire creates great economic and financial instability • High unemployment in developed nations • Economic exploitation of workforce in develop and developing nations

22. Globalization of Governmental Policies • Greater inequality • Increasing poverty and alienation • Rapid and extensive deterioration of environment • Unending consumerism

23. Globalization of Values • Some values originally developed in the West are globalized • Liberal democracy; social justice; basic human rights; world peace; sustainable energy and development • Qualifications for becoming a member nation in the European Union – 1) democracy 2) market economy 3) basic human rights

24. Globalization of Values • After the end of the Cold War, the Western liberal democracy became the only ideology and universal form of government • Francis Fukuyama, The End of History (1992) • These values are globalized but not universalized

25. Globalization of Values • As response to and critique of Fukuyama’s The End of History, Huntington claims that cultural and religious identities and values, instead of political ideologies will be the primary source of conflicts. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations (1996)

26. Globalization of Culture • English as a “world language” or the lingua franca of the modern world • The language the most often taught as a foreign language • Official language for aeronautical and maritime communications; one of the official languages of UN and the IOC

27. Globalization of Culture • 95 % of science journal articles written in English • In 2011 28 % of all books published and 30% of web content (50 % in 2000) • 360 million native speakers • 38% of Europeans think they can speak English • Language imperialism?

28. Globalization of Culture • American domination of popular culture • Americanization - Popular and rock music - Television dramas and programmes • Movies • Fast food - Other cultural products such as Disney Land and its characters

34. Globalization of Culture • Global culture penetrates • A Japanese youth simulates to be a rapper. • A Coca-Cola stall in a shopping mall of Shanghai

35. Globalization of Culture • Occasionally global cultural form come from outside USA • Unexpected hit of Gangnam Style and long popularity of Lupin III

36. Globalization of Culture • Football and the world cup is the most globalized form of culture, at least, among men. • There were few who fail to recognize Pele and Beckham • The 2010 World Cup was shown in every single country and 46.4 % (3.2 billion people) watched

37. Globalization and Culture • Through the integration of economies, governmental policies, values and cultures, has globalization made the world homogenous? • Are we ‘global tribes’ in a global village?

38. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • Tokyo is integrated into global markets, but none of them makes it Western, American or British • Tokyo is not homogenous： 160k Chinese; 100k Korean; 28k Philippine; 16k American; 8k Indian; 8K Nepal; 7k Thai; 5k British; 4.5k Burmese

39. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • Major native dialects: British Isles dialects; those of North American and Australasia • Numerous forms of English language • Pidgin – Franglais, Spanglish, Chinglish, Engrish, Higlish, Kongrish, Manglish, Singlish, Tinglish

40. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • Even under cultural integration and globalization, local, traditional cultures still survive – cultural differences • T-shirt is a global fashion item, but America’s local tradition, prom taxedo

41. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • Traditional and local cultural forms are more resilient, if no longer genuine or authentic and confined to specific occasions. • Kilts were worn in special occasions in Scotland • Hakama on college graduation in Japan

42. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • A pretty headdress is still worn by a Zao woman in Vietnam, while in the city children were a baseball cap

43. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • For French people, cinema is their indispensable national culture. Films are made with subsidies and quotas for American films were frequently introduced to protect the French film market. • Constant battle between the French government and WTO for protectionism and liberalism

44. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • Is globalized culture a threat to local cultural differences? Is its spread a cultural imperialism? • Herbert Schiller claimed: ‘the imagery and cultural perspectives of the ruling sector in the center that shape and structure consciousness throughout the system at large.’

45. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • Other researchers found that it is not the case. • If there is a local product, people prefer it to America products (1st finding) • Dallas was one of the most popular TV shows in the 1980s, in Japan hardly anybody was interested in that and Oshinwas one of the most popular shows.

46. The last episode of Dallas was watched by 72 % of Americans • Average viewing rate of Oshin 52.6% and the highest 62.9 (12 Nov. 1983) • People tend to prefer to the TV programming that is close to their own culture.

47. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • 2nd finding – People’s response to American TV programmes depend on their cultural context • Many Muslims find the ways women behave in American soap operas unacceptable and many Dutch viewers were not impressed with conspicuous spending in Dallas

48. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • Since 2007 more Japanese than Western films have been shown (417-404) in the Japanese cinemas and since 2008 have earned more profits.

49. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • What is happening in the age of cultural globalization? • Not cultural homogenization and uniformization, but cultural diversification, hybridization, and intermingling • ‘Mongrelization’ Salman Rushdie: Loss of purity • Contamination vs. Purity • Is ‘contamination’ a negative term and ‘purity’ a positive term? • Our cultural history is history of ‘contamination’

50. Culture and Communication in the age of Globalization • Alexander’s empire molded states as well as sculptures of Egypt and North India