From Coal and Steel to European Union

1. From Coal and Steel to European Union Don C. Smith April 16, 2011

2. A Story of a Continent:A Story of Two Men • Adolph Hitler, German Chancellor 1933-1945 • Jean Monnet, French businessman and the first “statesman of interdependence” • A man of war, a man of peace Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

3. Germany 1934 Triumph of the Will Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

4. Europe 1950 The Rebirth of Europe Jean Monnet: Father of Europe Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

5. Evolution of the Treaties • Europe in Early 1950 • “The German problem” • Korea • Fear of renewed nationalism Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

6. Evolution of the Treaties • May 9, 1950 • Schuman Declaration calling for creation of a European Coal and Steel Community through a treaty • Who was Robert Schuman? • Why a treaty? • Why coal and steel? • Supranational aspect of proposal Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

7. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Paris • Signed April 18, 1951 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, West Germany • Enters into force July 23, 1952 • Key “institutions” • High Authority (today’s European Commission) • Council of Ministers • Assembly (today’s European Parliament) • Court of Justice Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

8. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Paris • Key elements • First step towards a supranational governed Europe • For the first time, governments relinquished part of their sovereignty, albeit in limited fields Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

9. Evolution of the Treaties • European Defense Community • Proposed in 1952 • Collapsed in 1954 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

10. Evolution of the Treaties • European Economic Community Treaty (also known as the Treaty of Rome) • Signed March 25, 1957 • Entered into force January 1, 1958 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

11. Evolution of the Treaties • Key elements • “…determined to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe…” • Free movement of goods, services, capital, people Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

12. Evolution of the Treaties • European Atomic Energy Community (also known as Euratom) • Signed March 25, 1957 • Entered into force January 1, 1958 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

13. Evolution of the Treaties • The Merger Treaty • Signed in 1965; entered into force 1967 • Provided for single Commission and single Council for all three communities • European Coal and Steel Community • European Economic Community • European Atomic Energy Community Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

14. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Accession: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom • Signed January 22, 1972; entered into force January 1, 1973 • Why noteworthy? Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

15. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Accession: Greece • Signed May 28, 1979; entered into force January 1, 1981 • Why noteworthy? Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

16. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Accession: Portugal and Spain • Signed June 12, 1985; entered into law January 1, 1986 • Why noteworthy? Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

17. Evolution of the Treaties • The Single European Act • The underlying situation • Disappointing progress on accomplishing the common market • Enters into force on July 1, 1987 • Aim is to achieve the internal market by 1992 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

18. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty on European Union (also known as the Maastricht Treaty) • Signed on February 7, 1992; entered into force on Nov. 1, 1993 • Underlying circumstances • Major changes • Establishment of the European Union • Addition of community foreign and security policy, justice and home affairs, citizenship • A broader role for the European Union • Sustainable development Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

19. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Accession: Austria, Finland, and Sweden • Signed June 24, 1994; entered into force January 1, 1995 • Why noteworthy? Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

20. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Amsterdam • Signed on October 2, 1997; entered into force May 1, 1999 • Clarifies, a bit, the meaning of sustainable development Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

21. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Nice • Signed February 26, 2001; entered into force February 1, 2003 • Supposed to streamline the EU so as to allow for efficiency after addition of new members expected in mid-decade Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

22. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Accession: 10 new member states • Signed April 16, 2003; entered into force May 1, 2004\ • Why noteworthy? Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

23. Evolution of the Treaties • Proposed Constitutional Treaty • Signed on October 29, 2004; defeated in referendums in early summer 2005 in France and the Netherlands • Aim was to improve efficiency of EU Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

24. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Accession: Bulgaria and Romania • Signed April 25, 2005; entered into force January 1, 2007 • Why noteworthy? Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

25. Evolution of the Treaties • Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) • Signed December 13, 2007; entered into force December 1, 2009 • Major changes • Created a presidency of the European Council, Herman von Rompuy • Created EU diplomatic service under a High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

26. Evolution of the Treaties • Has the evolutionary process been a success or failure or something in between? • Looking at issue in the context of Jean Monnet’s accomplishments • “Jean Monnet will reappear…” Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

27. Resources • Judge David Edward • Oral History Website: http://www.law.du.edu/index.php/judge-david-edward-oral-history • Jean Monnet: Father of Europe • http://law.du.edu/index.php/jean-monnet-father-of-europe • Europa: Gateway to the European Union • http://europa.eu/index_en.htm Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.