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Chapter 3 Earth s Modern Atmosphere

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Chapter 3 Earth s Modern Atmosphere

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    3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Earth’s Modern Atmosphere Atmospheric Composition, Temperature, and Function   Variable Atmospheric Components  

    4. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Atmospheric Composition, Temperature, and Function   Atmospheric Profile   Atmospheric Composition Criterion   Atmospheric Temperature Criterion   Atmospheric Function Criterion  

    5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Atmospheric Profile   Atmosphere extends to 32,000 km (20,000 mi) from surface Thermosphere is at 480 km (300 mi)—top of the principal atmosphere Three criteria to examine atmosphere Composition Temperature Function

    6. Profile of Atmosphere

    7. Atmospheric Pressure

    8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Atmospheric Composition Heterosphere – outer atmosphere 80 km (50 mi) outward, to thermosphere Layers of gases sorted by gravity Homosphere – inner atmosphere Surface to 80 km (50 mi) Gases evenly blended

    10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

    11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Atmospheric Temperature Thermosphere Roughly same as heterosphere 80 km (50 mi) outward Mesosphere 50 to 80 km (30 to 50 mi) Stratosphere 18 to 50 km (11 to 31 mi)

    12. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Atmospheric Temperature Troposphere Surface to 18 km (11 mi) 90% mass of atmosphere Normal lapse rate – average cooling at rate of 6.4 C°/km (3.5 F°/1000 ft) Environmental lapse rate – actual local lapse rate

    13. Temperature Profile

    14. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Atmospheric Function Ionosphere Absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays, some UV rays Ozonosphere Part of stratosphere Ozone (O3) absorbs UV energy and converts it to heat energy

    15. Protective Atmosphere

    16. Antarctic Ozone Hole 2008

    17. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Variable Atmospheric Components   Natural Sources   Natural Factors That Affect Air Pollution   Anthropogenic Pollution   Benefits of the Clean Air Act

    18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Natural Factors That Affect Air Pollution   Winds Local and regional landscapes Temperature inversion

    19. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

    20. Southern California Wildfires

    21. Temperature Inversion

    22. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anthropogenic Pollution   Carbon monoxide Photochemical smog Industrial smog and sulfur oxides Particulates

    23. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Typical Industrial Smog

    24. Photochemical Smog

    25. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Benefits of the Clean Air Act Total direct cost $523 billion Direct monetized benefits $5.6 to $49.4 trillion – average $22.2 trillion Net financial benefit $21.7 trillion 206,000 fewer deaths in 1990!

    26. Geosystems 8e An Introduction to Physical Geography End of Chapter 3

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