The Conquest of New France

1. The Conquest of New France Causes of the Conquest

2. The Rivals: Britain and France • In the 1700’s, Britain and France were the major powers in Europe • The French (Fre) wanted control over Europe • The English (Eng) wanted a world empire • They both wanted power, so there was conflict!

3. First Intercolonial War 1689-97 • French raided villages in Thirteen Colonies (1690) • English forts were captured in Acadia and Newfoundland (Nfld.) 1694-97 • Treaty of Rijswijk – no territorial change and the French gave back the forts to the English

4. Second Intercolonial War 1702-13 • French raided the Thirteen Colonies, captured forts in Nfld. and Hudson Bay • English captured Port-Royal (Nova Scotia) • Treaty of Utrecht – the Fre. ceded Acadia, Nfld., and Hudson Bay • Both sides constructed forts: • France – Louisbourg (to protect St.Lawrence) • England – Fort William Henry

5. The French fort at Louisbourg

6. Third Intercolonial War 1744-48 • Colonists from the Thirteen Colonies captured Fort Louisbourg (1745) • Treaty of Aie-la-Chapelle – Louisbourg returned to the French Renewed conflict (1748-55) British deport 6, 000 Acadiens

7. Seven Years War 1756-63 • French victorious at first • British regained Fort Duquesne, victory at Oswego, Frontenac, Louisbourg (1758) • Seige of Quebec in 1759… • Wolfe (English) vs. Montcalm (French) at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

8. James Wolfe Marquis de Montcalm

9. Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759) • Wolfe wanted to draw Montcalm into a fight before winter – he decided to attack at Quebec City • Wolfe led elite troops up the cliffs outside Quebec to the Plains of Abraham • Instead of waiting inside the fort for Wolfe, Montcalm led his men out on the plains to meet Wolfe • Montcalm’s men were tired, theFre. were defeated, they lost Quebec • Wolfe died during the battle, and Montcalm died from a wound the next day

10. Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759)

12. The End of New France… • Montcalm and the French defeated at Quebec (1759) • Montreal surrenders and succumbs to British rule (1760) • War is over in N.A. • Treaty of Paris (1763) – France gives up all territory in N.A except St. Pierre and Miquelon. Britain controlled all territory east of the Mississippi River

13. The Differences Between France and the Thirteen Colonies • The population of New France grew slowly – there were 70,000 people in 1760 • The population was much higher in the Thirteen Colonies, the population was 1, 500, 000. • The economy of New France was based on the fur trade – dependent on France • The economy of the ThirteenColonies was more diverse – independent and prosperous

14. Differences continued . . . • New France had a Royal Government – power was centralizedin France • In the Thirteen Colonies, there was a different administration for each colony (this made it difficult to make unanimous decisions • However, people had a say in the government of the Thirteen Colonies

15. The Conquest in New France Fighting in North America

16. The Introduction • British settlers wanted the Ohio Valley to themselves • The Fre. wanted to keep it because it was a good area for furs • The two sides wanted the same thing, so a conflict was inevitable • For a while, the Fre. and their Native allies had kept the settlers out • War broke out in July 1754 – The Seven Years War

17. The Rising Action • The two empires, France and Britain were at war in Europe • When they were at war, most of the colonies were at war • In Europe, Britain made an alliance with Prussia – this helped them in Europe, so they could concentrate on fighting in the colonies • The British Prime Minister wanted New France because he thought it could give Britain commercial supremacy

18. British Prime Minister – on the leftFrench King (Louis XV) – on the right

19. Rising Action--continued • The administration in the American colonies decided to unite against the Fre. in North America • The British lost some battles at the beginning of the war • The Fre. didn’t have a good navy, they had fewer soldiers and the Fre. commander’s (General Montcalm) defensive strategy was ineffective • General Wolfe (British commander), to get Montcalm to leave his defensive positions, adopted a “scorched earth” policy – burn everything: towns, villages, etc. – the Fre. wouldn’t leave

20. Montcalm & Wolfe

21. The Falling Action • In the spring of 1760, the Fre. Won a battle at Sainte-Foy, but it didn’t have a huge impact • The British fleet arrived in New France, the Fre. retreated to Mtl. • The British (General Murray, Brigadier Haviland, General Amherst) surrounded Mtl. • The French surrendered to avoid more bloodshed