The Origins of Progressivism

1. American HistoryThe Progressive Era (1890–1920)All photographs courtesy of The Library of Congress & Lewis Hine

2. The Origins of Progressivism • Rapid industrialization, immigration, and urbanization in the late 1800s led to ______________________________________.

3. The rapid growth also caused ________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • Many Progressives believed that ______ _______________, not private charities, were the methods to bring about progress in society.

4. Historians call the period from about 1890–1920 the Progressive Era.

5. The Progressives: Their Goals and Beliefs • Progressives were not a single unified movement. • They fell into four categories: • _________________ • _________________ • _________________ • _________________

6. ______________________________________________________________.______________________________________________________________. • ______________________________________________________________________. • Government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizens. • Governments should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they could competently handle an expanded role. Some common basic beliefs were:

7. Igniting Reform: Writers and Their New Ideas • The ideas of many writers and journalists influenced __________________ about how to reform society. • Journalists investigated and publicized conditions ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

8. Theodore Roosevelt called the journalists “___________.” • Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, and Ida Tarbell were respected writers and muckrakers.

9. The Labor Movement Employers discouraged union membership. Courts often issuedinjunctions, court orders prohibiting a certain activity, preventing workers from going on strike. ______________________________________________________________________________. Socialists The Progressive Era saw a rise in socialism. American socialists hoped to use the ballot box, not revolution, to end the capitalist system and distribute wealth more equally. Women’s Groups The National Consumers’ League (NCL) investigated how goods were made and sold. They discouraged people from buying from shops that employed child labor. ______________________________________________________________________________________________. Progressive Reform Organizations

10. An Expanded Role for Government • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • Many of the earliest Progressive reforms were made at the municipal, or city, level. • Some municipal reformers worked for home rule, a system that gives cities a limited degree of self-rule.

11. Municipal reformers opposed the influence of __________________________________. • Reformers made efforts to take over city utilities such as ____________________________. • Some reform mayors led movements for city-supported welfare services such as public baths, parks, work-relief programs, playgrounds, kindergartens, and lodging houses for the homeless.

12. Taft’s Presidency • Taft was endorsed by Roosevelt and pledged to carry on the progressive program. • _____________________________________________________________________. • He campaigned on a platform to lower tariffs, but ended up signing a bill that added some highly protective tariff increases.

13. Taft also angered conservationists on the issue of ___________________________________. • Taft chose Richard A. Ballinger for Secretary of the Interior.

14. Ballinger opposed conservation of public lands. • ________________________________________________________________________. • Taft angered many people and his presidency suffered.

15. Turmoil in the Republican Party • Angry Republican Progressives teamed up with Democrats against the opponents of reform in the Republican Party. • ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

16. Roosevelt called for: • ____________________________ • welfare laws • ____________________________ • ____________________________ • ____________________________ • inheritance taxes • voting reform.

17. He called this plan: the ____________.

18. Progressive Republicans left the Republican Party and formed the Progressive Party, nicknamed the ______ _____________________________________. • The Bull Moose platform included tariff reduction, _____________________________________ ______________ ___________, an eight-hour workday, and direct election of senators.

19. William Howard Taft ____________________________________________________________________ Theodore Roosevelt ____________________________________________________________________ Eugene V. Debs Made his third of five presidential runs for the Socialist Party Woodrow Wilson _________________________________________; with the Republican Party split between Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson won the election. The Election of 1912 A Four-Way Election

20. Wilson’s Policies as President • Wilson’s first major victory was tariff reduction.

21. ______________________________________________________________________________. • This act strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. • Wilson and Congress created the Federal Trade Commission to enforce the Clayton Antitrust Act.

22. In 1913 Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act and created the Federal Reserve System to overhaul the American banking system. • In 1916 Wilson tried to attract Progressive voters. • To this aim he nominated Progressive lawyer Louis D. Brandeis to the Supreme Court. • ____________________________________________________________________.

23. The Limits of Progressivism • ____________________________________________________________________. • ______________________________________________________________________________________________________. • Progressive Presidents took little action to pursue social justice reforms.

24. ______________________________________________________________________.______________________________________________________________________. • At the 1912 Progressive Party convention, Roosevelt declined to seat black delegates from the South for fear of alienating white Southern Progressives. • ___________________________________. • It was replaced by American concerns about ____ ___________________________________.

25. Suffrage at Last! • American women activists first demanded the right to vote in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York.

26. The movement eventually split into two groups: • ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • The American Woman Suffrage Association worked to win voting rights on the state level.

27. Preparing the Way for Suffrage • In 1890, Wyoming entered the union and became the first state to grant women the right to vote. • ________________________________________________________________________________________. • She was arrested for this act.

28. Suffragist Strategies Constitutional Amendment • Winning suffrage by a constitutional amendment • _________________________________________________________________________________. • In 1878, suffragists introduced a new amendment. • Stalled again, the bill was not debated again until 1887. • It was defeated by the Senate. • The bill was not debated again until 1913.

29. Suffragist Strategies Individual State Suffrage • Winning suffrage state by state. • ______________________________________________________________________________. • _____________________________________ of men and women and encouraged a greater sense of equality. • Western states were more likely to allow women the right to vote.

30. A New Generation • Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leaders of the suffrage movement, died without seeing the victory of women’s suffrage. • At the turn of the century, Carrie Chapman Catt became the leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). • She led the movement from 1900 to 1904 and again after 1915.

31. In March 1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Barns organized a parade of 5,000 women in Washington, D.C. • _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

32. ___________________________________________________________________________________.___________________________________________________________________________________. • Planned to bypass existing state suffrage organizations and set up new ones in each state. • _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • They were arrested and went on hunger strikes in prison. A Split in the Movement The Congressional Union (CU)

33. ___________________________________________________________________________________________.___________________________________________________________________________________________. • Expelled the CU from their organization. • Backed the state suffrage campaigns. • By 1917, NAWSA was the largest volunteer organization in the country. • In 1917, NAWSA saw an important victory when New York voted for women’s suffrage. A Split in the Movement NAWSA

34. Victory for Suffrage • ______________________________________________________________________________. • After the amendment was proposed the ratification battle began. • ______________________________________________________________________________. • ___________________________________________, was the last major reform of the Progressive Era.