“As You Like It”

1. “As You Like It”

2. The pastoral genre • The pastoral genre was quite popular in Shakespeare’s time. • Genre of literature that takes place in the country and depicts life there in a romanticized and highly idealized way. • Depicted life far from the city in a countryside that was both idyllic and ideal.

3. The pastoral genre • The shepherds and shepherdesses there lived an almost perfect existence. • In pastoral narratives, city dwellers retreat to the countryside, which turns into a "fantasy paradise" where shepherds spend their time composing poems to their sweethearts. • Pastoral had been used as a mode of social critique.

4. The pastoral genre • Discussion over the advantages and disadvantages of court and country, and the difference between the natural and the artificial are fundamental to the genre. • Pastoral figures are used to examine the evils of various ways of life, such as: greed, cruelty, deceit, corruption • By the culmination of the play, the exiles are reintegrated into the urban life and order has been restored.

5. The pastoral genre • Cast a critical eye on social practices that produce injustice and unhappiness.

6. Act I • Play begins with a pair of dueling brothers. • Upon his father’s death, Oliver, as the eldest son, inherited virtually everything in his father’s estate. • The practice of primogeniture stipulated that the eldest son inherits the whole of his father’s estate so that estates would not fragment into smaller parcels.

7. Act I • Orlando, the younger son, was left a small sum for a young man of his social background. • Their father’s wish is for Oliver to provide Orlando with a decent education. •  “gentleman-like qualities” • Duke Senior has been usurped by his younger brother, Duke Frederick, and has fled with a number of loyal lords to the Forest of Ardenne.

8. Act I • Rosalind, Duke Senior’s daughter, will stay at Duke Frederick’s court. • Best friends with Celia, Duke Frederick’s daughter. • Unnatural relationships. • Comment on the corrupt nature of so-called civilized life. • Orlando wants wrestling match with Charles, the court wrestler.

9. Act I • Charles has defeated all his opponents. • Oliver happy to see Orlando defeated. • Rosalind is depressed over the banishment of her father, Duke Senior. • Her cousin, Celia, attempts to cheer her up, promises that as the sole heir of the usurping Duke Frederick, she will give the throne to Rosalind upon his death. • Rosalind promises to be less melancholy.

10. Act I • Unnatural bond between two female cousins? • Duke Frederick’s courtier, Le Beau, exclaims, the cousins share a love that is “dearer than the natural bond of sisters”. • They sleep in the same bed. • What do you think?

11. Act I • Orlando and Charles wrestle, and Orlando quickly defeats his opponent. • Amazed, Duke Frederick asks Orlando to reveal his identity. • Orlando responds that he is the youngest son of Sir Rowland de Bois. • The Duke and Sir Rowland were enemies. • Rosalind and Celia offer their congratulations.

12. Act I • Rosalind admits her father admired Orlando’s father. • In the exchange, Orlando and Rosalind become mutually smitten. • Love at first sight? How possible is it?

13. Act II • The banished Duke Senior expounds on the wonders of life in the forest. • He tells his associates that he prefers forest dwelling to the “painted pomp” of courtly existence (II.i.3). • He reminds them that their existence in Ardenne is free from danger. • Quality of life and benefits of living in the city versus the country.

14. Act II • Forest serves the function of correcting what has gone wrong with the everyday world. • Temporary haven for the characters who seek refuge from exile. • Jaques, a stock character who represents the melancholy brooder. • Grieved by the killing of the deer. • Says men come to the forest and destroy it.

15. Act II • Back at court, Duke Frederick discovers that Celia, Rosalind and Touchstone the clown have left the court. • Oliver is probably with them. • Frederick sends Oliver to find them. • Orlando returns to his former home, where the servant Adam tells him that Oliver plans to destroy him.

16. Act II • Adam suggests that the two of them take to the road, Orlando agrees. • Meanwhile, Rosalind, Celia, and Touchstone arrive in the Forest of Ardenne. • They meet two shepherds, Corin and Silvius. • Silvius is hopelessly in love with the shepherdess Phoebe. • The lover as a powerless victim, or a willing subject. What do you think?

17. Act II • Rosalind and Celia decide to buy the property of Corin’s master. • Orlando and his servant Adam enter the forest, meet Duke Senior. • Jaques’s melancholy view of life.

18. Act III • Oliver reports to Frederick that he can’t find Orlando. • Orlando is told his property will be taken away until he finds Orlando. • The play moves from Duke Frederick’s court into the Forest of Ardenne. • Meanwhile, Orlando runs through the Forest of Ardenne, mad with love.

19. Act III • He hangs poems that he has composed in Rosalind’s honor on every tree, hoping that passersby will see her “virtue witnessed everywhere”.  • Rosalind enters, disguised as Ganymede. She reads one of Orlando’s poems, which compares her to a priceless jewel. • Celia enters disguised as the shepherdess Aliena.

20. Act III • Orlando enters. • Rosalind approaches him as the young man Ganymede, and speaks of a man that has been carving the name Rosalind on the trees. • Orlando insists that he is the man so “love-shaked” and begs her for a “remedy”. • Rosalind promises to cure him if he promises to woo Ganymede as though Ganymede were Rosalind.

21. Act III • As Ganymede, Rosalind vows to make the very idea of love unappealing to Orlando by acting the part of a fickle lover. • Orlando is quite sure he is beyond cure. • Is there cure for love? What do you think? • How to win the object of one’s desire. • Jaques’s declaration: “The worst fault you have is to be in love”.

22. Act III • Boy playing a woman who plays a man in order to win a man’s love. • The clown Touchstone has arranged to marry Audrey in the forest. • Touchstone determines that many wives cheat on their husbands, but claims that the horns of cuckoldry are nothing of which to be ashamed. 

23. Act III • A non-church wedding will make it easier for him to abandon his wife. • True? • Orlando has failed to show up for his morning appointment with Ganymede, the disguised Rosalind, and she is distraught. • Silvius has confessed his love to Phoebe. • Phoebe falls in love with Ganymede.

24. Act III • Phoebe employs Silvius, who can talk so well of love, to help her pursue Ganymede.

25. Act IV • Rosalind criticizes Jaques for the extremity of his melancholy. Jaques claims that “’tis good to be sad and say nothing”. • Orlando arrives an hour late for his lesson in love. • Rosalind invites Orlando to woo her. • When Rosalind refuses his affections, Orlando claims he will die. • She responds that, no man in the entire history of the world has died from a love-related cause. • What do you think of her approach?

26. Act IV • Orlando leaves, promises to return later for more lessons. • Two hours have passed, and he has not returned, as promised, to resume his love lessons. • Silvius delivers a letter from Phoebe to Rosalind, in which she compares Ganymede to a god who has destroyed Phoebe’s heart.

27. Act IV • Rosalind sends Silvius back to Phoebe with the message that Ganymede will never love Phoebe unless Phoebe loves Silvius. • As Silvius leaves, Oliver enters. • Oliver delivers to Ganymede a bloody handkerchief on Orlando’s behalf. • Oliver tells a lengthy story about how he was saved by Orlando from a snake and a lion.

28. Act IV • He fought off the lion, wounding his shoulder but ultimately saving Oliver’s life. • Orlando’s kind and selfless gesture have transformed Oliver into a new man, and he confesses that he is ashamed of how he treated his brother. • Orlando asked Oliver to deliver an apology to Ganymede in the form of a bloodstained handkerchief.

29. Act IV • Rosalind faints and claims that she faked it. • Oliver claims that her reaction must be genuine, for her face is flushed.

30. Act V • Oliver has fallen in love with Aliena/Celia. • Orlando finds it hard to believe that he has fallen so quickly and so completely. • Oliver vows that he has and pledges to turn over the entirety of his father’s estate to Orlando once he and Aliena are married. • Love and transformation. Is it possible?

31. Act V • Rosalind enters. • Orlando admits that he has tired of wooing a young man instead of his lover.    • Rosalind promises that he will marry as he desires when Oliver takes Aliena for a bride. • Just then, Phoebe and Silvius appear. • The lovers take turns professing their various loves until Rosalind tells them to stop howling like “Irish wolves against the moon”.

32. Act V • Rosalind promises that Ganymede will marry Phoebe on the following day if Ganymede will ever marry a woman. • She makes everyone promise to meet the next day at the wedding. • The group parts until Oliver’s wedding. • Quick, irrational love is contagious in the Forest of Ardenne. Cannot happen in the Duke’s court.

33. Act V • Transformation has much to do with the movement from court into the country. •  Return to the normative social order. • The next day they all  gather to see whether the miracle of multiple marriages will be performed. • Rosalind reminds everyone of their agreements: the duke will allow Orlando to marry Rosalind, if she appears.

34. Act V • Phoebe will marry Ganymede unless unforeseen circumstances make her refuse, in which case she will marry Silvius. • Everyone agrees, and Rosalind and Celia disappear into the forest. • Rosalind and Celia return, dressed as themselves and accompanied by Hymen, the god of marriage.

35. Act V • Phoebe, realizing that the young man she loves is, in fact, a woman, agrees to marry Silvius. • Hymen (Greek god of marriage ceremonies, inspiring feasts and song) marries the happy couples: Orlando and Rosalind, Oliver and Celia, Phoebe and Silvius, and Touchstone and Audrey. A great wedding feast begins.

36. Act V • Halfway through the festivities, Jaques de Bois, the middle brother of Oliver and Orlando, arrives with the information that Duke Frederick mounted an army to seek out Duke Senior and destroy him. • As he rode toward the Forest of Ardenne, Duke Frederick met a priest who converted him to a peace-loving life. • Jaques de Bois goes on to report that Frederick has abdicated his throne to his brother and has moved to a monastery.

37. Act V • All rejoice, happy in the knowledge that they can return to the royal court. • Only Jaques decides that he will not return to court. He determines to follow Duke Frederick’s example and live a solitary and contemplative existence in a monastery. • What does his refusal to return suggest about his character?

38. Act V • The wedding feast continues, and the revelers dance as everyone except Rosalind exits the stage. • List the transformations in people that took place in the play.