Canada Between the Wars 1919- 1939

1. Canada Between the Wars1919- 1939

2. Post War Canada Closing of War Industries major effects such as high inflation, women returning to home, rising unemployment, increasing labour unrest Winnipeg General Strike 1919 30 000 workers went on strike (demanded .85 cents per hour, 8 hour day, right to collective bargaining) Bloody Saturday; riots and violence led to 1 death and 30 injuries (one of which would die later) Leaders arrested and sent to jail but more attention drawn to social and economic problems of workers Prohibition & Bootlegging ban of production, import and distribution of alcoho>>started in WWI Led to bootleg booze- smuggled alcohol and speakeasies (illegal places to drink alcohol) British Columbia Ended prohibition in 1920 Ontario did not end prohibition until 1927. PEI was the last province --- 1948!!! Spanish Flu Large spread of illness after veterans returned home Deadly strain killing up to 100 million people; over 50 000 Canadians

3. Social Issues Aboriginal Issues • Policy of assimilation seen in the Indian Act 1867, creation of residential schools, and policy of enfranchisement (right to vote if give up Aboriginal status) • League of Indians- created in 1919 by Frederick Loft (Aboriginal war veteran) to make a united voice for Aboriginals Immigration • Xenophobia- intense dislike of foreigners • 1919 Immigration Act- made all immigrants pass an English literacy test (emphasis on assimilation) • 1923- Chinese Exclusion Act: banned all Chinese immigrants except students, merchants and diplomats (from 1923- 1947- only 8 Chinese immigrants admitted to Canada)

4. Roaring Twenties

5. New Technologies & Movements • New technologies: radio, automobile, passenger planes • Ford Model T or “Tin Lizzie” was most affordable car ($395 in 1924) and was mass produced by assembly line • Ted Rogers: Canadian who invented the world’s first battery-less radio • Joseph Bombardier: Canadian who invented first snowmobile called “B-7” for medical transport in winter • Person’s Case: Famous Five campaigned that women should be considered “Persons” under Canadian Law; finally granted by Britain’s Privy Council and Cairine Wilson was first women appointed to the Senate

6. Entertainment & Sports Americanization • Huge influence of culture & influence from United States Fads • mahjong, crosswords, contests, dancing marathons Fashions • flappers, rising hemlines, bob haircut, knickers, bow ties Entertainment: • Jazz Age, Charleston dance • “talkies” (talking movies) with stars Charlie Chaplin and Canadian Mary Pickford “America’s Sweetheart” Golden Age of Sports • Famous amateur athletes such as Lionel Conacher, Bobbie Rosenfeld played multiple sports • Women in Sports: Edmonton Grads dominated basketball for over 20 years but by 1930s competitive sports were considered “unfeminine” • Professional Sports: hockey (NHL) & Foster Hewitt’s call of Hockey Night and Canada; baseball

7. 1920s Economy ECONOMIC PROSPERITY • End of post war economic problems • New inventions and mass production of products fueled economy and employment • High sales, high wages, high prices, high production, high profits, high demand, low unemployment • Emergence of ‘branch plants’ in Canada PLAYING THE STOCKMARKET • Get rich quick scheme (buy low, sell high) • Stock / share: a unit of ownership in a company • Price of share dependent on supply and demand CREDIT BUYING • ‘credit buying’ of products (appliances)- buy now, pay later • ‘buying on margin’ of stocks

8. The Balloon Bursts: The Great Crash of 1929 HOW DID IT CRASH? • Stocks were highly inflated or overpriced AND company assets were not the same worth • Investors became nervous as stock prices were becoming “too high” for what it actually worth • ‘Black Tuesday’: October 29, 1929: massive selling of stocks > panic sets in > everyone selling • As investors sold, prices of stocks plunged EFFECTS • Thousands of investors wiped out • Banks demanded payment for loans but borrowers could not repay • Many companies had borrowed money to finance expansion of companies and had to shut down > rise in unemployment • People had bought many stocks and items on credit- had nothing to pay back; then banks would repossess items (ie. homes) • People could not afford to buy clothes, food and other merchandise > forcing more companies to go bankrupt and put more people out of work • Trigger to the Great Depression- worst economic downturn in history

10. Background Causes of Great Depression • Similar to WWI, there were BACKGROUND CAUSES to the Depression: • Overexpansion & overproduction • Canada’s Dependence on Staples (wheat) • Canada’s Dependence on United States • High Taxes decreased International Trade • Credit Buying • Buying on Margin

11. The Dirty Thirties • 1933- 1/3 of people were out of work • Riding the rods • Relief vouchers or Pogey • Relief Camps • Dust Bowl • Soup Kitchens • Bennett Buggies • On to Ottawa Trek & Regina Riot

12. Political Responses P.M. Mackenzie King • Five Cent Speech 1930 • re-elected 1935 P.M. R.B. Bennett • elected 1930 • proposed the New Deal New Political Parties • emerged to solve the problems of the 1930s • Social Credit- leader William Aberhart • Union Nationale- leader Maurice Duplessis • Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)- leader J.S. Woodsworth

13. Promoting Canadian Identity • Group of Seven • Canadian Author’s Association (1921) • RCAF: Royal Canadian Air Force (1924) • Statute of Westminster (1931) • CRBC: Canadian Radio Broadcasting Company (1933) • CBC: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (1936) • NFB: National Film Board (1939)

14. What brought the world out of the Great Depression? • World War II breaks out September 3, 1939 • Canada declares war on Germany September 10, 1939 • HOW? • war industries re-open • rise in employment • as more people get jobs,people have $ to spend • businesses revived