THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

1. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Objectives Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: • Name the parts of the musculoskeletal system and discuss the function of each part. • Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the musculoskeletal system.

3. Objectives Part 2 Objectives CONT’D • Name the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical procedures used in treating the musculoskeletal system. • Define the major pathological conditions of the musculoskeletal system.

4. Objectives Part 3 Objectives CONT’D • Define surgical terms related to the musculoskeletal system. • List common pharmacological agents used in treating the musculoskeletal system.

5. Acetabul(o) Brachi(o) Burs(o) Calci(o) Cervic(o) Cost(o) Dactyl(o) Femor(o) Fibr(o) Kyph(o) Lamin(o) Lumb(o) Myel(o) Patell(o) Ped(i) Radi(o) Scapul(o) Stern(o) Synov(o) Uln(o) Ch 5 Vocabulary

6. Structure and Function Structure & Function Forms the body framework Protects and supports internal organs Enables the body to move Consists of bones, joints and muscles

7. Bones Structure & Function Bones • Bone cells are called osteocytes • Consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves • Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells • Osteoclasts are responsible for reabsorbing dead bone tissue

8. Ossification phosphorus calcium vitamin D Structure & Function Bones The development of osteocytes and the hardening process is called ossification. Ossification depends on:

9. Divisions of the Skeleton • Axial • Skull • Spinal column • Ribs • Sternum • Appendicular • Upper & lower extremities • Pelvic girdle

10. Common Bone Categories Structure & Function Bones The adult skeleton has 206 bones. Common Bone Categories • Long bones • (Femur) • Short bones • (Wrist bones) • Flat bones • (Skull) • Irregular bones • (Vertebrae) • Sesamoid bones • (Kneecap)

11. Spongy bone Articular cartilage Epiphyseal disks Proximal epiphysis Space containing red marrow Compact bone Medullary cavity Yellow marrow Diaphysis Periosteum Distal epiphysis Femur Parts of the Long Bone • Diaphysis • Shaft or longest portion • Compact bone • Hard dense part of bone that does not bend • Spongy bone • Covers medullary cavity • Epiphysis • Ends of long bone • Epiphyseal plates: growth plates • Contains red marrow

12. Spongy bone Articular cartilage Epiphyseal disks Proximal epiphysis Space containing red marrow Compact bone Medullary cavity Yellow marrow Diaphysis Periosteum Distal epiphysis Femur Parts of the Long Bone • Medullary cavity • Hollow space • Contains yellow marrow • Tissues of a bone • Periosteum-outer covering of bone • Endosteum-lines medullary cavity

13. Parts of Long Bones • Bone marrow • Red bone marrow • Manufactures erythrocytes & leukocytes • Yellow bone marrow • Composed of fat cells • Functions as fat storage

14. Parts of Long Bones Part 2 Spongy bone Articular cartilage Epiphyseal disks Proximal epiphysis Space containing red marrow Compact bone Medullary cavity Yellow marrow Diaphysis Periosteum Distal epiphysis Femur Parts of a Long Bone • Articular cartilage is a thin flexible substance that provides protection at movable points.

15. Bones of the Skull • Cranium: encloses the brain (skull) • Frontal • forehead • Parietal • Roof and upper sides of cranium • Occipital • Posterior floor and walls of cranium • Temporal • Sides and base of cranium

16. Bones of the Jaw • Mandible • Lower jaw bone • Maxilla • Upper jaw bone

17. Sutures • Where cranial bones join & fuse • Fontanelles: • Soft spots on infant skull

18. Sinuses • Frontal sinuses • Ethmoid sinuses • Maxillary sinuses • Sphenoid sinuses Sinsuses Cavities that reduce the weight of a bone.

19. Spinal Column Structure & Function Spinal Column • Cervical = 7 • Thoracic = 12 • Lumbar = 5 • Sacrum = 5 • Coccyx = 1 Consists of five sets of vertebrae

20. Thoracic cavity • Ribs • 12 pairs • Called costals • Attach posterior to thoracic vertebrae • 7 pairs • True ribs • Attached anterior to sternum • 3 pairs • False ribs • Attached anterior to cartilage • Joins with sternum • 2 pairs • Floating ribs • Not attached anteriorly

21. Thoracic Cavity Sternum: • Manubrium • Upper portion of sternum • Body of sternum • Middle portion of sternum • Xiphoid process • Cartilage • Lower portion of sternum

22. Shoulders • Clavicle • Collar bone • Connects sternum • Scapula • Shoulder blade

23. Pelvic girdle HIPS • Ilium • Upper blade shape • Ischium • Lower portion near hips • Pubic bone • Fuse together with sacrum • Pubic symphysis • Cartilage joint that holds bones together

24. Bones of the Extremities Upper Arm Lower Arm • Humerus • Ulna • Radius Hand and Fingers • Carpals (wrist) • Metacarpals (palm) • Phalanges (fingers) Structure & Function Bones of the Extremities

25. Bones of the Extremities Part 2 Upper Leg • Femur (thigh) Structure & Function Bones of the Extremities (Cont’d) Lower leg • Tibia (shin) • Fibula (little fibber) • Patella (kneecap) Feet and Toes • Tarsals (ankle) • Calcaneus (heel) • Metatarsals (arch) • Phalanges (toes)

26. Joints Amphiarthroses Diarthroses • Moves slightly • Vertebrae • Moves freely • knee Joints (articulations) Synarthroses • No movement • Skull Types of Joints

27. Freely Moveable Joints • AKA: Synovial joints • Lined with a synovial membrane • Synovial fluid • A joint lubricator • Helps synovial joints move easier • Bursa • Sac lined with synovial membrane • Helps reduce friction

28. Tendons and Ligaments Tendons are bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bone. Ligaments connect bones to other bones. Structure & Function Tendons and Ligaments

29. Muscles - Fascia Structure & Function Muscles Most muscles are covered by a band of connective tissue called fascia, that covers & supports the muscle.

30. Muscles Structure & Function Muscles Muscles contract (shorten) and extend to provide body movement. Types of Muscles • Voluntary (striated) • skeletal • Involuntary • smooth or visceral- Move internal organs • Cardiac (striated)

31. Structure & Function • Origin- • Attachment to a stationary bone • Insertion- • Attachment to a movable bone

32. Muscles – Origin or Insertion Lift up your right forearm to flex your bicep brachii as if making a fist. Identify the origin and insertion attachment by agreeing with one of the following statements: The radius is the origin and the scapula is the insertion. ---OR--- The scapula is the origin and the radius is the insertion.

33. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms • Arthrography • Examine joints using x-ray • Arthroscopy • Internal exam of a joint using an instrument

34. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms • Diskography • Exam of disks by injection of dye then an x-ray • Electromyogram • Image of electrical activity of muscles

35. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Terms • Computerized tomography (CT) • Multiple X-rays • Computer puts in cross sectional views • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Magnets excite H ions • Computer makes pic

36. Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 5 Other Tests • Goniometer • -Tests for ROM • Densitometer • -Measures bone density Goniometer

37. Pathology Pathology Causes of musculoskeletal disorders • Birth defects • Injury • Degenerative disease • Systemic disorders

38. Pathology-Birth Defects • Spina bifida • Incomplete closure of spinal cord & protrusion-meningocele

39. Pathology-Birth Defects • Talipes • AKA: club foot • congenital deformity of the foot • curled shape or twisted position of the ankle, heel & toes

40. Pathology-Injuries • Herniated disk • Disk is compressed & protrudes • Presses on nerve causing sciatica • Pain radiates from butt down leg to foot/toes

41. Pathology-Injuries • Fractures • Incomplete fracture • Fracture line doses not extend through bone or disrupt the entire thickness of bone • Greenstick fracture • Incomplete break that occurs almost exclusively in children

42. Pathology-Injuries • Fractures, cont. • Comminuted fractures • Bone broken in several places and splinters of bone can be embedded in surrounding tissue • Compression fracture • Bone collapses due to disruption of bone tissue

43. Pathology-Injuries • Fractures, cont • Compound: • Causes disruption of skin and soft tissue • Fragment of bone punctures skin • Often complicated by infection

44. Pathology-Injuries • Injury or trauma to the joints or muscle may cause a sprain. • Overuse of a muscle may cause a strain. • Tendinitis: overuse of a joint • Dislocation: when bones in a joint become displaced or misaligned • Subluxation: partial dislocation

45. Pathology-Pain & Discomfort • Myalgia: muscle pain • Myositis: muscle inflammation • Arthritis: inflammation of joints • Arthralgia: joint pain • Ankylosis: stiff joints • Osteoalgia- bone pain

46. Pathology-Abnormal Muscle Tone • Hypertrophy: abnormal increase in muscle size • Atrophy: muscles shrink in size from disuse

47. Pathology-Abnormal Muscle Tone • Spasms: abnormal contractions • Rigor: abnormal muscle stiffness • Tetany: painfully long spasm

48. Pathology-Abnormal Postures • Kyphosis • Rounded bowing of back at thoracic area • Scoliosis • Lateral curvature of spine

49. Pathology-Abnormal Postures • Lordosis • Abnormal inward curvature of lumbar vertebrae

50. Surgical Terms Surgical Terms Almost any major part of the musculoskeletal system can now be surgically repaired. Supportive devices • Traction • Prosthetic devices • Cast • Splints