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The World at War

The World at War. 1914 - 1919. The Four MAIN Causes of WWI. Write these notes on your MAIN chart. M ilitarism : the glorification of war and the military. By 1870 all nations except Great Britain had established conscription – the draft so they had an army ready to go

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The World at War

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  1. The World at War 1914 - 1919

  2. The Four MAIN Causes of WWI Write these notes on your MAIN chart

  3. Militarism: the glorification of war and the military • By 1870 all nations except Great Britain had established conscription – the draft so they had an army ready to go • Major powers had built stockpiles of weapons that enabled them to go to war quickly • Each nation’s actions threatened other nations

  4. Alliances: defense agreements among nations • 1882: Italy joined Austria-Hungary and Germany in the Triple Alliance • 1907: Triple Entente: loose alliance between France, Great Britain and Russia • Entente: friendly understanding between nations that lacks binding commitments of a full-fledged alliance • Europe was divided into two camps that dragged many more countries into the war

  5. Imperialism – One country’s domination of the political, economic and social life of another country • Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Italy wanted to gain new markets and expand global empires • Competition between Britain and Germany and Britain and France were most intense • Competition encouraged hostility -> countries double crossed each other to reach their own goals

  6. Nationalism – Strong pride in one’s country • Nationalist movement emerged in Balkans – present day Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia • Nationalities here included Greeks, Romanians, Albanians, Turks, and Slavs • Slavs (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Slovenes) in Austria-Hungary wanted to unite/break free from A-H • Serbian Slavs supported this goal • 1908: Austria-Hungary annexed (added on) Bosnia-Herzegovina • Serbia wanted this region for itself

  7. Nationalist movement also existed in Ottoman Empire (empire of Turks) • Empire had begun to fall apart – Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, and Bulgaria became independent

  8. Population (in millions)

  9. Annual Value of Foreign Trade in British Pounds (in millions)

  10. Soldiers Available on Mobilization (in millions)

  11. The Start of WWI

  12. June 28, 1914: Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, visits Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia • GavriloPrincip: 19 year old Serbian nationalist and member of “terrorist organization” the Black Hand, kills Ferdinand and wife  • Austria-Hungary blames Serbia

  13. July 5: Germany pledges full support to any actions Austria-Hungary might take against Serbia • July23: Austria-Hungary gives Serbia an ultimatum: a set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences • A-H officials would keep down protestors in Serbia • A-H would lead investigation into Ferdinand’s murder

  14. July 25: Serbia accepts first demand, but rejects second • July 28, 1914: A-H declares war on Serbia • July 30: Russia mobilizes troops against A-H and Germany • Mobilization: gathering and transport of military troops and fighting equipment

  15. July 31: Germany issues two ultimatums: • Russia: Cancel mobilization or risk war • Does not reply • France: 18 hours to decide whether it would stay neutral if Germany went to war against Russia • Will support Russia • August 1: Germany declares war on Russia • August 3: Germany declares war on France

  16. August 3: Germany invades Belgium • Defies a 1839 treaty that recognized Belgium’s neutrality • Britain sends ultimatum to Germany to remove troops • Germany refuses • August 4:Britain declares war on Germany

  17. Life on the Homefront

  18. Mobilization • Conservation • Govt. decided what should be produced • Imposed rationing and price/wage controls • Daylight savings time introduced

  19. Germany’s War Raw Materials Board • Rationed/distributed raw materials • Food rationed according to physical need • Men/women doing physical work = more food • Last 2 years: only children and pregnant women got milk

  20. Everyday Life • Women worked in factories, mines and steel mills • Children organized into garbage brigades • People ate less than 1000 calories a day

  21. Social Impact • General Life • Jobs available for everyone • Greater social equality • Women • Changed attitudes towards women • Worked as police officers, nurses and doctors on the front • Showed more independence: bobbed hair, shortened skirts and smoked in public

  22. Assignment • Create a neat and colorful poster that encourages citizens of an Allied country to either • Join the war as a soldier • Buy a liberty bond or • Conserve food/energy

  23. US Entry into the War

  24. Americans were initially divided over who to side with • Several events forced the US into the war

  25. U-Boat Activity • 1915: German U-Boat sunk the Lusitania: a British passenger liner • Killed 1,198, including 128 Americans • Naval code said enemy ships had to give warning before attacking a nonmilitary target • Germans said subs would be easy targets if they surfaced

  26. August 1915: 2 Americans were killed when Germans sunk the Arabic • March 1916: German’s sank unarmed merchant ship Sussex • Wilson threatened to sever diplomatic ties • Sussex pledge: Germany pledged not to sink merchant or passenger ships w/out warning

  27. January 1917: Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare • Germany believed it would win war before US could enter • President Wilson broke off diplomatic relations • March: Germans sank 5 unarmed US merchant ships

  28. Zimmerman Telegram • March 1917: Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign minister, sent telegram to Mexico • If Mexico joined war w/Germany, Mexico would receive New Mexico, Texas and Arizona • American newspapers published the telegram • April 2, 1917: Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war

  29. The End of the War November 11, 1918: Germans signed an armistice: agreement to end the fighting

  30. Effects of the War • Governments were bankrupt • Revolution threatened Eastern Europe • Deaths: • 8.5 million soldiers dead • 21 million wounded

  31. War Casualties

  32. Paris Peace Conference - 1918 • Participants • Representatives from 27 nations • Central powers and Russians weren’t invited • US, France, Britain and Italy made most of the decisions

  33. Treaty of Versailles – actions taken against Germany • Military • Reduced army • Banned the draft • Outlawed manufacture of major weapons • Territory • Size reduced • Rhineland (border on western bank) occupied by Allies • Lost all overseas colonies

  34. War guilt • Had to accept full responsibility for the war • Had to pay $33 billion in reparations: payments for property damages and costs of fighting, over 30 years • Creation of the League of Nations to keep peace

  35. Other peace treaties signed w/Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria • Break up of Austria-Hungary • New nations created: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia • Reaction • Many were minorities in new nations • Some did not get desired independence • Losers angry about loss of territory and prestige

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