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The World at War. 1914 - 1919. The Four MAIN Causes of WWI. Write these notes on your MAIN chart. M ilitarism : the glorification of war and the military. By 1870 all nations except Great Britain had established conscription – the draft so they had an army ready to go
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The World at War 1914 - 1919
The Four MAIN Causes of WWI Write these notes on your MAIN chart
Militarism: the glorification of war and the military • By 1870 all nations except Great Britain had established conscription – the draft so they had an army ready to go • Major powers had built stockpiles of weapons that enabled them to go to war quickly • Each nation’s actions threatened other nations
Alliances: defense agreements among nations • 1882: Italy joined Austria-Hungary and Germany in the Triple Alliance • 1907: Triple Entente: loose alliance between France, Great Britain and Russia • Entente: friendly understanding between nations that lacks binding commitments of a full-fledged alliance • Europe was divided into two camps that dragged many more countries into the war
Imperialism – One country’s domination of the political, economic and social life of another country • Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Italy wanted to gain new markets and expand global empires • Competition between Britain and Germany and Britain and France were most intense • Competition encouraged hostility -> countries double crossed each other to reach their own goals
Nationalism – Strong pride in one’s country • Nationalist movement emerged in Balkans – present day Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia • Nationalities here included Greeks, Romanians, Albanians, Turks, and Slavs • Slavs (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Slovenes) in Austria-Hungary wanted to unite/break free from A-H • Serbian Slavs supported this goal • 1908: Austria-Hungary annexed (added on) Bosnia-Herzegovina • Serbia wanted this region for itself
Nationalist movement also existed in Ottoman Empire (empire of Turks) • Empire had begun to fall apart – Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, and Bulgaria became independent
Annual Value of Foreign Trade in British Pounds (in millions)
June 28, 1914: Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, visits Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia • GavriloPrincip: 19 year old Serbian nationalist and member of “terrorist organization” the Black Hand, kills Ferdinand and wife • Austria-Hungary blames Serbia
July 5: Germany pledges full support to any actions Austria-Hungary might take against Serbia • July23: Austria-Hungary gives Serbia an ultimatum: a set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences • A-H officials would keep down protestors in Serbia • A-H would lead investigation into Ferdinand’s murder
July 25: Serbia accepts first demand, but rejects second • July 28, 1914: A-H declares war on Serbia • July 30: Russia mobilizes troops against A-H and Germany • Mobilization: gathering and transport of military troops and fighting equipment
July 31: Germany issues two ultimatums: • Russia: Cancel mobilization or risk war • Does not reply • France: 18 hours to decide whether it would stay neutral if Germany went to war against Russia • Will support Russia • August 1: Germany declares war on Russia • August 3: Germany declares war on France
August 3: Germany invades Belgium • Defies a 1839 treaty that recognized Belgium’s neutrality • Britain sends ultimatum to Germany to remove troops • Germany refuses • August 4:Britain declares war on Germany
Mobilization • Conservation • Govt. decided what should be produced • Imposed rationing and price/wage controls • Daylight savings time introduced
Germany’s War Raw Materials Board • Rationed/distributed raw materials • Food rationed according to physical need • Men/women doing physical work = more food • Last 2 years: only children and pregnant women got milk
Everyday Life • Women worked in factories, mines and steel mills • Children organized into garbage brigades • People ate less than 1000 calories a day
Social Impact • General Life • Jobs available for everyone • Greater social equality • Women • Changed attitudes towards women • Worked as police officers, nurses and doctors on the front • Showed more independence: bobbed hair, shortened skirts and smoked in public
Assignment • Create a neat and colorful poster that encourages citizens of an Allied country to either • Join the war as a soldier • Buy a liberty bond or • Conserve food/energy
Americans were initially divided over who to side with • Several events forced the US into the war
U-Boat Activity • 1915: German U-Boat sunk the Lusitania: a British passenger liner • Killed 1,198, including 128 Americans • Naval code said enemy ships had to give warning before attacking a nonmilitary target • Germans said subs would be easy targets if they surfaced
August 1915: 2 Americans were killed when Germans sunk the Arabic • March 1916: German’s sank unarmed merchant ship Sussex • Wilson threatened to sever diplomatic ties • Sussex pledge: Germany pledged not to sink merchant or passenger ships w/out warning
January 1917: Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare • Germany believed it would win war before US could enter • President Wilson broke off diplomatic relations • March: Germans sank 5 unarmed US merchant ships
Zimmerman Telegram • March 1917: Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign minister, sent telegram to Mexico • If Mexico joined war w/Germany, Mexico would receive New Mexico, Texas and Arizona • American newspapers published the telegram • April 2, 1917: Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war
The End of the War November 11, 1918: Germans signed an armistice: agreement to end the fighting
Effects of the War • Governments were bankrupt • Revolution threatened Eastern Europe • Deaths: • 8.5 million soldiers dead • 21 million wounded
Paris Peace Conference - 1918 • Participants • Representatives from 27 nations • Central powers and Russians weren’t invited • US, France, Britain and Italy made most of the decisions
Treaty of Versailles – actions taken against Germany • Military • Reduced army • Banned the draft • Outlawed manufacture of major weapons • Territory • Size reduced • Rhineland (border on western bank) occupied by Allies • Lost all overseas colonies
War guilt • Had to accept full responsibility for the war • Had to pay $33 billion in reparations: payments for property damages and costs of fighting, over 30 years • Creation of the League of Nations to keep peace
Other peace treaties signed w/Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria • Break up of Austria-Hungary • New nations created: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia • Reaction • Many were minorities in new nations • Some did not get desired independence • Losers angry about loss of territory and prestige