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Architecture of Monotheism in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages:

Architecture of Monotheism in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Jewish and Early Christian Architecture. Architecture in the Middle Ages (400-1400). Late Antique or Early Christian. c. 1400 Italian Renaissance begins. Middle Ages (“Dark Ages ”). for Western Europe. medieval.

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Architecture of Monotheism in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages:

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  1. Architecture of Monotheism in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Jewish and Early Christian Architecture

  2. Architecture in the Middle Ages (400-1400) Late Antique or Early Christian c. 1400 Italian Renaissance begins Middle Ages (“Dark Ages”) for Western Europe medieval Byzantine for the Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) 622 official beginning of Islam 476 Fall of Rome

  3. Architecture in the Middle Ages (400-1400) EARLY MEDIEVAL AND ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ON THE MEDITERRANEAN Late Antique or Early Christian Byzantine Byzantine = Eastern Empire 476 Fall of Rome c. 1400 Italian Renaissance begins

  4. I. Monotheistic religions (Judaism and Christianity) shared characteristics that distinguished them from Greco-Roman polytheism Greco-Roman polytheism Monotheistic religions: congregational spaces Synagogue at Capernaum Santa Sabina (church)

  5. I. A. Monotheistic did require some veneration or occasional architecture 1. What was the main occasional temple for Judaism? Sacrificial temples to Yahweh Temple of Jerusalem Temple of Yahweh, Arad, Israel 9th cen. bc as rebuilt by King Herod, c. 20 bc

  6. I. A. 2. What form did veneration architecture take in early Christianity? Church of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem, Israel, ad 325-80 Christian mausoleum to Santa Costanza Rome, Italy, ad 350

  7. I. B. But, monotheistic religions had the idea of . . . and needed congregational architecture 1. What form did the first congregational architecture take for Jews and Christians? Converted residences in Dura Europas, Syria Synagogue Christian meeting house (domus ecclesiae)

  8. I. B. 2. When did purpose-built congregational architecture come into being for Jews and Christians? Synagogue, Capernaum, Israel 4th- 5th cen. ad Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, ad 319-33

  9. II. Late-antique synagogues (synagogue = assembly) Synagogue at Capernaum, Capernaum, Israel, 4th- 5th century

  10. II. A. Context: What events might have caused synagogue architecture to develop rapidly in the 1st century ad? Priestly power (Temple) vs. Pharisees (after 167 bc) diaspora synagogues Temple of Jerusalem model, as rebuilt by King Herod, c. 20 bc

  11. II. B. Precedent: What is one architectural model Jewish congregations adapted to their needs? Greek bouleuterion (senate house) Synagogue at Capernaum

  12. II. C. Ritual: What ritual demands had an impact on the overall plan of the synagogue? Synagogue at Capernaum communal meal seating for service literature-sustained service (Torah)

  13. II. C. Synagogue at Capernaum prayer hall façade facing the direction of Jerusalem

  14. II. C. 1. What were the two principle influences on the design of the synagogue’s prayer hall itself? bimah and ark Synagogue at Capernaum no fixed place for the ark no fixed place for the bima prayer hall

  15. II. D. Architectural language of classical antiquity: How was Greco-Roman architecture changed in adapting it to the new religion?

  16. II. E. Architecture of the persecuted: why aren’t there more synagogues surviving from late antiquity and the Middle Ages? Synaogue at Stobi, Greece, 4th cen. ad Synagogue at Ostia, Italy, ad 50

  17. Spread of Christianity

  18. III. Function, not symbolism, seems to be the predominant consideration in Early Christian architecture Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy, A.D. 319-333 Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy, A.D. 319-333 New St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy, 1506-1667

  19. III. Old St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy, A.D. 319-333

  20. III. S. Sabina, Rome, Italy, A.D. 422-32

  21. III. Early Christian basilicas, parish churches, and catacombes in and around Rome •S. Sabina S. Sabina

  22. III. A. Political context: What event inspires the first purpose-built Christian congregational buildings? after ad 313: Christian basilicas appear in Rome, the Holy Land, and North Africa pre ad 313: Christian meeting houses Roman emperor Constantine legalizes Christianity in ad 313 Old St. Peter’s, ad 319-33 Domus ecclesiae in Dura Europas, Syria, ad231 Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (or Constantine I), r. 306-337

  23. III. B. Basic parts of the Early Christian basilica Precedent: Roman civil basilica Conservative Early Christian basilicas in Rome Basilica at Pompeii Old St. Peter’s Basilica Santa Sabina

  24. III. C. Ritual: If the spaces of the Early Christian basilica were functional, how did they organize believers for worship? S. Sabina Aisles for catachumens during the sacrament of the Eucharist

  25. III. C. a contact relic at the shrine of St. Peter Old St. Peter’s

  26. III. D. Formal analysis of Early Christian basilicas 1. What characteristics of Roman civil precedent are preserved? Basilica in Trajan’s Form Basilica at Pompeii Early Christian basilicas apse Old St. Peter’s apse Santa Sabina

  27. III. D. 2. In terms of architectural language, how does the Early Christian basilica alter the Roman precedent? (two ways) nave of Old St. Peter’s nave of S. Sabina

  28. III. D. 2. colonnaded nave arcaded nave Old St. Peter’s S. Sabina arcuated lintels at Hadrian’s Villa

  29. III. D. 3. How does the form of the Early Christian basilica change the Roman precedent to intensify the ritual of Christian congregation and sacraments? Old St. Peter’s S. Sabina

  30. III. E. Symbolism: Is the Early Christian basilica recognizable as an architectural symbol of Christian ideology: 1. strictly in terms of architecture? Constantine’s Basilica in Trier, Germany, c. AD300 (civil basilica) S. Sabina (early Christian basilica)

  31. III. E. 2. in terms of location? Location of 4th-cen Christian basilicas in cemeteries outside the walls of Rome S. Sabina

  32. III. E. 2. “Circus basilicas” with attached mausolea outside the wall most common basilical form in 4th-century Rome Old St. Peter’s outside the wall too but not a circus basilica

  33. IV. Early Christian occasional space for veneration A. Centrally-planned mausoleums, baptisteries, martyria based on Greek tholos form Baptisteries Mausolea Martyria Lateran Baptistery, Rome 315, and 432-40 Mausoleum of Santa Costanza, Rome, c. 350 Anastasis Rotunda Jerusalem, 325-80

  34. IV. A. 1. Context: Why were Christian mausolea not built until the 4th century ad? IV. A. IV. A. 2. Plan and design: How did Christian mausolea differ from pre-Christian Roman tombs? Eusebius: Jews and pagans needed holy places, but not Christians. S. Costanza (mausoleum), Rome, Italy, ca. ad350 S. Costanza S. Agnese

  35. IV. A. 2. S. Costanza (mausoleum) clerestorey dome ambulatory Composite Order – invented by the Romans, last of the classical orders

  36. IV. A. 3. Ritual: What Christian ritual was accommodated by the ambulatory? S. Costanza (mausoleum)

  37. IV. A. 4. Symbolism: Were centrally-planned Early Christian mausolea symbolically a Christian architecture? S. Costanza (Christian mausoleum) Greek tholos at Epidauros, 360-20 bc Roman mausoleum of Cecilia Metella, Rome, ca. 50 bc

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