The Rise of Nations The Late Middle Ages

1. Chapter 14 Formation of Western Europe This PowerPoint is in Teacher-Public, SocSci – Veers – Western Civ Regular – Topics & Chapter – High Late Middle Ages The Rise of NationsThe Late Middle Ages

2. During the Middle Ages the Church was the most powerful institution in Europe, but it was flawed. • Priests married and had children even though by tradition they were supposed to be celibate • Many priests were illiterate • Simony was practiced, which means that church positions were sold by bishops • Lay investiture meant that bishops were being named by kings instead of by the church • Bishops more concerned w/feudal obligations than religious ones • Popes, as well as the rest of the clergy, had questionable morals. Problems of the Church c. 1100

3. Reform efforts began @ the monastery at Cluny where they strictly followed the teachings and rules of the Church—the church followed Cluny’s example: • Addition of the Papal Curia, enforces Canon Law • Church diplomats are sent to further Church’s agenda and presence • The Church collected a 10% tax which called the tithe which supported the poor and needy • Lay investiture, simony and clerical marriage are banned • Reforming popes are elected to head the Church Efforts at Reform

4. The Cathedral style changed … Romanesque, dark, heavy, rounded arches Gothic style with pointed arches, flying buttresses and bright stained-glass windows, meant to represent the splendor of the city of God. • New religious orders were created, the friars, traveling monks Franciscans, St. Francis of Assisi, focus on nature and animals Dominicans, St. Dominic, focus on learning and academics Notable women of these religious orders were Clares, founder of the Poor Clares and Hildedgard von Bingen • The Crusades to Palestine(Holy Land) and in the Iberian Peninsula Religious Revival During the Age of Faith

5. Gothic Cathedrals – Revival of religious fervor • Arches became tall and pointed • Cathedrals soared to over 100 feet • Height aided by flying buttresses (external supports) • Walls, instead of dark, heavy stone were filled with stain glass windows • Windows helped in relating biblical stories and religious teachings

6. Reims Cathedral – France

7. Chevetcathédrale Reims

8. The Crusades • The Crusades were the series of holy wars launched to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims • Pope Urban II asked Christians to fight the holy war and he told people that if they died fighting that they would go to heaven • The pope hoped for the reunification of Christianity also • The Crusades ultimately failed. The Holy Land was not regained.

10. The men who fought the Crusades were mainly knights and the younger sons of nobles They fought for both religious reasons (to gain salvation) and for economic reasons (to gain wealth/land). Some peasants and commoners also sought salvation by going on Crusade Who Fought in the Crusades?

11. Fought to regain control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims • FAILED • First - By 1099 crusades captured Jerusalem and a thin strip of territory • Second – 1147 -1149 Came home in defeat • Third – Ended with treaty between Richard I of England and Saladin • Palestine remained in Muslim control, Christian were free to pilgrimage there and worship • Fourth – 1189-1194 Crusaders ransacked and looted Constantinople, weakening it, the city falls to the Turks (Muslims) in 1453 Breakdown of the Key Crusade s

12. Feudal nobility weakened many knights and nobles died and lost their lands when on Crusade Power of the kings increased Power of the Pope decreased with the failure to regain the Holy Land They stimulated trade between Europe and Southwest Asia They left a legacy of bitterness and hatred between Muslims, Christians, and Jews The Effects of the Crusades

13. The reconquista=reconquering in Spanish • The long effort to drive the Muslims, called Moors, out of Spain = Iberian Peninsula • It was finally achieved by the monarchs Ferdinand and his wife Isabella - 1492 • The Spanish Inquisition • This group cruelly drove out heretics, Muslims and Jews from Spain The Reconquista

14. Al-Andalus is the caliphate of the Muslim Umayyad’s Castillanes & Aragonaises = House of Castille & House of Aragon

15. Between 1000 and 1300 agriculture, trade, and finance made remarkable gains due to an agricultural revolution and increased trade from the Crusades • The food supply increased • Warmer climate • Use of harness on horses which made plowing easier • Use of three-field system which allowed farmers to use 2/3 of their land at any given time • Cities and towns grew • As trade increased people went to towns to buy and sell products • Craft Guilds were formed • Associations of people in the same occupation • Guilds controlled prices, quality, working conditions • Only masters could join guilds; to become a master one had to be an apprentice and then a journeyman Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution

16. A financial revolution occurred due to increased trade • Trade routes spread across Europe as self-sufficient manors declined • Fairs, held several times per year were key places of consumerism • Trade increased the need for large amounts of cash • Merchants had to borrow money to buy goods so they could sell them and make a profit • Need for cash led to the loan industry, letters of credit and banking • Lending and banking was done by Jews because the Catholic church outlawed usury, which is lending money and charging interest Commercial Revolution

17. People moved to cities and towns to pursue greater economic opportunities • Serfs ran away from manors • This happened so often that a law was passed which allowed them to be free if they lived in a town for a year and a day • Towns developed quickly and haphazardly • Narrow streets • Animals and waste all over the place • Small homes made of wood—MAJOR fire hazard • No clean water supply so people didn’t bathe very often • Burghers were the townspeople who eventually fought the feudal lords for control of the local economies and governments • A new middle class had emerged due to the growth of trade and cities Cities and Towns - REURBANIZATION

18. Muslim and Jews key to the advancement of learning in Europe • Europe was introduced to ancient Greek texts through trade with the Byzantine and Muslim world • Church scholars used Jewish and Muslim scholars to help them translate texts into Latin • Europe was introduced to knowledge in science, philosophy, law and mathematics as well as Muslim ideas on ships, navigation, and weapons • Medieval universities were established • Universities were initially just groups of scholars who met to study, discuss, teach, and learn together • Most scholars used Latin but some began to use the everyday language, called vernacular • Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian • Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in English • Christine de Pisan wrote the City of Ladies Learning and Education Increased

19. Thomas Aquinas used Aristotle’s reasoning to argue the validity of Christian beliefs • Wrote the Summa Theologica – reconciling religion and reason • The Scholastics • Christian scholars who met at universities • Their teachings on law and government influenced Europeans • Especially the English and French who began to develop democratic traditions Christian Scholarship

20. As kingdoms of England and France developed into nations, democratic institutions evolved. • The Feudal system broke down as serfs fled the manors for cities • Burghers gained power from feudal lords • Villages, towns, and cities became more populated • Taxes from towns and cities helped to increase the king’s power England and France Develop Nation-States

21. Alfred the Great (871-899) united England and defeated the Vikings • England = Land of the Angles • Infant stage of a national identity • In 1016 the Danish King Canute conquered England and Anglo-Saxons and Vikings mixed to create one people and one English culture • 1066 Edward the Confessor, king of England dies w/out an heir. England Became United

22. The Normans were the descendents of the Vikings • Normandy is part of France • Normans are French in culture and language • William the Conqueror (a Norman) was the cousin of the King of England, Edward the Confessor, who died • William believed he should inherit the English throne and waged war on the Anglo-Saxons • 1066: William defeats the English at the Battle of Hastings and becomes King of England • Claims all land his own and introduces feudalism • Calls for a census of his lands, the Domesday Book The Norman Invasion

23. Henry II descendent of William the Conqueror who controlled land in both England and France • Married Eleanor of Aquitaine (in France) which added more French land to his territory • He was the King of England but he was also a vassal of the King of France because he governed land in France • Henry sent royal judges out to settle cases, collect taxes, and punish crimes • Henry introduced the use of juries (trial by peers, not just one judge) • Effect of Henry’s Actions • The unified body of law which came from centuries of English court rulings was called Common Law • Basis of law in most English-speaking countries Henry II and Common Law

24. King Richard the Lionhearted • Left England to fight in the 3rd Crusade • Made a truce with Muslim leader, Saladin • King John, Richard’s younger brother, took the throne after Richard’s death • was a poor military leader and lost the English holdings in France • Was cruel and selfish • Overtaxed his nobles and subjects • Alienated the Church Henry II’s Heirs

25. John’s revolted in response to his poor rule • The nobles force John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 • The Magna Carta = the Great Charter • First document of democracy • Guaranteed certain political rights for the nobles, but eventually guaranteed the rights for everyone • No taxation without representation • Right to trial by jury • Equal protection under the law • Freedom of the Church in England The Magna Carta

26. The Parliament – legislative body of England • Council called to advise the king, especially concerning the collection of taxes • First met in 1295 when Edward I called the burgesses, knights, nobles, and the clergy • Proved to be a check on royal power • Two Houses in Parliament • The House of Lords: nobles and clergy • The House of Commons: non-nobles, burgesses, and knights The Parliament is Born

27. Hugh Capet is the founder of the Capetian dynasty • Followed the last Carolingian king (Charlemagne’s dynasty) • Capet’s Territory • Small but had the important trade city of Paris • Hugh, his son, and his grandson spread their power and territory • Phillip II • Ruled from 1180-1223 • Greatly expanded the Capetian territory and strengthened central authority • Took land from King John of England • First French king to be more powerful than his vassals • Created position of baliff to preside over courts and collect taxes France and the Capetian Dynasty

28. Louis IX was the grandson of Hugh Capet • Made the French monarchy even stronger during his reign • Created the royal court of appeals which could overturn local rulings • This strengthened the monarchy’s power while weakening the power of local nobles • Philip IV ruled 1285 – 1314 • Fought with pope of taxation of priests • Needed support from all social classes, called together representatives from each – the Estates Louis IX and Philip IV

29. The Estates-General is the council in France called to gain support for the king’s policies • All three first called by Philip IV • The First Estate: made up of the clergy • The Second Estate: made up of the nobles • The Third Estate: made up of commoners • When all three meet it is a meeting of the Estates-General The French Estates-General

30. ENGLAND’S PARLIAMENT FRANCE’S ESTATES-GENERAL • Provided a check on royal power – weakens the monarchy • Representative body made up of burgesses, knights, lords and clergy • House of Lords • House of Commons Backed by MAGNA CARTA, which provided legal rights to citizens • Weak, strengthens the monarchy • Representative body made up of the three estates (social classes) • First Estate – clergy • Second Estate – nobility • Third Estate – commoners No legal document exists to provide rights to citizens Court Systems ENGLAND FRANCE Royal justices traveled & settled cases Baliffs acted as royal judges Juries of peers used Appeals court at the royal level Development of Common Law Comparison English & French Medieval Government

31. Philip IV of France actions lead to the Avignon Papacy – pope moved from Rome to Avignon • Eventually, circumstances led to two popes being elected, an Italian in Rome and a French pope in Avignon • The Great Schism took place in the 1300s when two men claimed to be the pope • Clement VII in Avignon, France • Urban VI in Rome, Italy • Council of Pisa attempted to end the split, result was three popes • A new pope was chosen, Martin V, at the Council of Constance in 1417 and the Schism ended Turmoil in the Church-Two Popes

32. Scholarly Challenges • John Wycliffe of England • Believed that Jesus, not the Pope, was the head of the Church • Believed the Church should hold no land or wealth • Teachings inspired a translation of the Bible in English • Jan Hus of Bohemia • Believed the Bible was a higher authority than the Pope • Same teachings as Wycliffe, was excommunicated • Was tried as a heretic and was burned at the stake Turmoil in the Church

33. The Bubonic Plague killed about 1/3-1/2 of Europe’s population • Infected the lymphatic system causing black boils to erupt on the body. • Many died within days, others within hours. • Started in Asia and spread from east to west with the trade routes (carried by infected fleas on rats). • Hit the Muslim world before entering Europe (Italy, France, Germany, England, etc.). • Many thought it was God’s punishment for sin. • Others blamed the Jews and claimed they were poisoning wells The Black Death

36. Town populations fell (decreased) Trade decreased Prices of goods rose because goods were scarce Demand for higher wages Farms were abandoned, fields reclaimed by nature The manor system declined Serfs revolted and fled the manors Economic Effects of the Plague

37. People became more pessimistic about life • Tore apart communities and families, social fabric collapsed • Persecutions of Jews, either forced from their communities or were massacred • Art and literature of the time reflected the people’s awareness of death • People became self-indulgent • They figured if they were going to die, they might as well enjoy themselves while they’re alive The Plague’s Effects on the People

38. The Effects of the Plague on the Church • The Church lost prestige when the clergy’s prayers to end the plague didn’t work • The clergy abandoned the people because they didn’t want to get the plague • Priests refused to say masses or give last rites (a sacrament) to those suffering from the plague • No one was safe as the image below shows

39. The Hundred Years’ War • Took place from 1337-1453 • Fighting between England and France over claim to the French throne and land • Edward III of England claimed the throne of France • Edward was the grandson of Philip IV and declared war on France • Most fighting took place in France • France won and the English lost all French land except for Calais (a port city) French and English Rivalry

40. Though the French won the Hundred Years’ War the English archers proved very successful with their longbows • Longbows shot repeatedly creating waves of devastating arrows • Longbow arrows could pierce armor and unseat a knight • Took away the advantage of the mounted knights England's New Weapon

41. French teenager who led the French to victory at the Battle of Orleans • Joan encouraged and led the French prince, called the dauphin, Charles VII to be crowned king even though the English king Charles V was set to take the throne • Joan was captured in 1430 and tried as a heretic • Claimed she heard the voices of God and the saints • Was burned at the stake in 1431 but was later made a saint Joan of Arc and France

42. France won and England maintained only the port city of Calais in France • The French monarchy increased in power and prestige • The French and the English developed nationalism • They developed pride in their country and no longer viewed their Kings as feudal lords, but as national leaders who were fighting for the glory of their countries • The English Parliament was strengthened • English kings depended on Parliament to raise taxes needed to support the war Results of the Hundred Years’ War

43. The End of the Middle Ages • Intense religious devotion crumbled • The Great Schism, failure of the Crusades and the devastation of the Black Death posed serious challenges to the Church’s authority • The church was wealthy and sometimes corrupt while those they ministered to were poor • Kings become more powerful • Chivalrous code crumbled • Knights became obsolete during the Hundred Years’ War • Development of the longbows • Feudalism began to collapse • Rise of cities & a powerful, wealthy middle-class • Education increases as well as challenges to authority