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Ch. 6: Evolutionary Processes/Outcomes

Ch. 6: Evolutionary Processes/Outcomes. V p = V g + V e. Species. Bad indicators: widespread & variable Diffs. genetic (adaptations?) or environmental (phenotypic plasticity?) How evaluate?. Species. How evaluate? Common garden experiment :. Ecotypes. Common garden expts.

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Ch. 6: Evolutionary Processes/Outcomes

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  1. Ch. 6: Evolutionary Processes/Outcomes

  2. Vp = Vg + Ve Species • Bad indicators: widespread & variable • Diffs. genetic (adaptations?) or environmental (phenotypic plasticity?) • How evaluate?

  3. Species • How evaluate? • Common garden experiment:

  4. Ecotypes • Common garden expts. • 1920s: Turesson (Sweden) • Widespread European sp. • Ex, hawkweed (Hieracium)

  5. Ecotypes • Described ecotypes:

  6. Ecotypes • 1920s: Clausen, Keck, Hiesey (California) • Widespread (elev. gradient)

  7. Ecotypes • Ex, Potentilla glandulosa • Ecotypes named (subspecies) ecophenes

  8. Ecotypes • Some sp. form ecophenes: • Ex: pygmy forest, Mendocino, CA

  9. Ecotypes • Pygmy seeds on normal soil?

  10. Ecotypes • Ecocline: continuous variation

  11. Ecotypes • Ecotypic traits • Morphology: stature, leaf/floral traits, etc. Fig. 6.18 Geranium sanguineum in common garden

  12. Ecotypes • Ecotypic traits • Morphology: stature, leaf/floral traits, etc. • Phenology: timing life

  13. Ecotypes • Ex. ecophysiological ecotypes: alpine sorrel (Oxyria digyna). • Arctic (hi latitude) & alpine (hi altitude) tundra

  14. Ecotypes • Ex: Agrostis tenuis (bentgrass) England • Pasture grass: Roman metal mines

  15. Ecotypes • Ex: • Ecotypes: few

  16. Ecotypes • Ecotypes: not always • Ex, foothill pine (Pinus sabiniana): normal vs. serpentine soils

  17. Ecotypes • Serpentine: lots Mg, Ni, Cr (little Ca) • Soil: • low N, P • high Cr, Ni • low Ca/Mg ratio Serpentine barrens

  18. Ecotypes • Ecotype on serpentine? No.

  19. Acclimation • Phenotype = genotype + current env. • Acclimation: Temp.

  20. Acclimation • Ex, Senecio vulgaris (groundsel) • Germ. dif. temps. • Grown same temp. 80 d.

  21. Ecotypes: Practical applications • Revegetation/reforestation Revegetating mine spoil

  22. Ecotypes: Practical applications • Ex, who am I?

  23. Ecotypes: Practical applications • 5 “seed zones”

  24. Ecotypes: Practical applications • Often info not avail. • Solution: collect seeds locally!

  25. Ch. 7: Plant Growth and Reproduction

  26. Ch. 7: Plant Growth • Growth form: how plant builds

  27. Plant Growth • Raunkiaer growth form system Herr Raunkiaer (Danish)

  28. Plant Growth • Includes: • size, lifespan, woodiness • Nutrition (parasite, etc.) Baobab tree (Africa)

  29. Plant Growth • Includes: • features (spines, trichomes, etc.) • leaf traits (size, shape, evergreen or deciduous, etc.)

  30. Plant Growth • Includes: • Phenology • location Fig. 7.2

  31. Plant Growth • Main Raunkiaer categories (7): • 1) Phanerophyte: bud >50 cm

  32. Plant Growth • Main Raunkiaer categories (7): • 2) Chamaephyte: bud <50 Vaccinium pallidum

  33. Plant Growth • Main Raunkiaer categories (7): • 3) Hemicryptophyte: bud Ex, who am I? (Lab #2) C4…

  34. Plant Growth • Main Raunkiaer categories (7): • 4) Cryptophyte (geophyte): below-ground bud (ex, bulb plants) Who am I? (Lab #2)

  35. Plant Growth • Main Raunkiaer categories (7): • 5) Therophyte: seed overwinters (annuals) CA “desert candles”

  36. Plant Growth • Main Raunkiaer categories (7): • 6) Liana: woody vine Lab #1? Lab #2 (black belt)?

  37. Plant Growth • Main Raunkiaer categories (7): • 7) Epiphyte: germinates & Lab #2: Who am I??

  38. Epiphyte Focus • Effect on host: • None (commensalism: 1 benefits, other unaffected) • (+,0)

  39. Epiphyte Focus • Effect on host: • Positive. Canopy roots (host): roots in epiphyte mats • Mutualism: ( Trees known to form canopy roots

  40. Parasitic Epiphytes • Negative: Parasites (tap host) • Parasitism. (+,-)

  41. Parasitic Epiphytes • Holoparasites: No chlorophyll. • Haustoria (mod. roots) “Witches hair” “Love vine”

  42. Parasitic Epiphytes • Hemiparasites: Chlorophyll-- water & nutrients from host xylem • Ex, Who am I? (Lab #2)

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